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What were the nature and consequences of the industrial revolution in England? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? What were the nature and consequences of the industrial revolution in England? As a result of the victory of the revolution of the seventeenth century. In England, the capitalist system in agriculture began to develop rapidly, and a revolution began in industrial production. The ideas of a republican structure, people's rule, equality of all before the law have been developed in the country. The proclaimed political principles and the new economic order formed the basis of a new industrial civilization. In the eighteenth century English agriculture successfully fed cities and industrial towns. Large landownership created the conditions for an increase in grain production, which led to a decrease in grain prices. The growth of the urban population supported the demand for agricultural products. The rise of agriculture influenced the development of industry. The industrial revolution began in light industry. Here, replacing manual labor with machines required less capital investment and brought quick financial returns. The invention of the steam engine, another new technology, dramatically expanded production capabilities. The flow of improvements, the accumulation of huge funds required a different organization of production. Manufactory was replaced by a factory - large-scale machine production, designed to make a profit. The industrial revolution had not only a technical, but also a social side. In the course of the transformations, two main classes of industrial society were formed: the industrial bourgeoisie and hired workers. These two new social groups had to find their place in the old social structure and develop rules for their relationship with each other. This process was not easy, stretched out for many decades, its dynamics determined the main parameters of the development of society. The Industrial Revolution changed the face of England. Large industrial centers arose (Manchester, Birmingham, Sheffield). By the end of the XVIII century. Already a quarter of the population lived in cities. Transport infrastructure developed rapidly: a network of canals was built throughout the country, paved roads were built. The formation of the internal market, which was based on a solid industrial base, was completed. It was in the industrial sector that the main part of the national wealth was now created. The way of life and working conditions that developed during the industrial revolution did not suit everyone in the country. Relations between the owners of industrial enterprises and the hired workers who worked there were rather complicated. During that period, the degree of exploitation of workers was high. This situation gave rise to spontaneous protest. During the industrial revolution, the first mass movement of workers arose - the movement of machine destroyers. This movement gained its greatest scope in 1811-1813. Its participants called themselves Luddites, after the worker Ned Ludd, who, as it were, was the first to break his machine. The Luddite movement expanded rapidly. The authorities saw it as a threat to the existing legal order. Already in 1769, Parliament passed a law on the death penalty for damage to cars. The persecution of the Luddites did not solve the problems - the situation of the workers remained extremely difficult. Therefore, there was a desire to change it. The unwillingness of employers to meet the demands of the workers fueled the conflict that destabilized society. Convinced of the inefficiency of Luddism, the workers began to look for other ways to fight for their rights. This is how the idea of creating trade unions (trade unions) was born, which gradually occupied their niche in the structure of society and turned into the main form of organization of workers. The Industrial Revolution, which began in England, could not be kept within national boundaries. More and more countries were included in the sphere of the industrial revolution. In each of them he went at a different pace, had his own specifics. However, the end result was the same: the industrial revolution radically undermined the foundations of the feudal order, creating the foundation of a new "industrial" society in Europe. In the eighteenth century in the New World, a modification of European civilization is also emerging. Thus, within the framework of a single Western civilization, various forms of bourgeois progress were formed. Author: Irina Tkachenko
What are the benefits of quitting smoking? According to American doctors, the benefits of quitting smoking are as follows: - after 20 minutes: blood pressure drops to the level that occurred before the last cigarette was smoked; temperature of the hands and feet rises to normal - after 8 hours: the level of carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide) in the blood decreases to normal - after 24 hours: reduced risk of heart attack - in the period from 2 weeks to 3 months: cough, flushing, weakness and shortness of breath are reduced cilia of the respiratory epithelium restore normal functioning, increasing the ability to regulate the mucous membrane, cleanse the lungs and resist infection - within 1 year: the excess risk of developing coronary heart disease is reduced to half that of a smoker - within 5 years: the risk of angina drops to the same level as a non-smoker - within 10 years: the risk of death from lung cancer is reduced to half that of a smoker; the risk of developing cancer of the mouth, throat, esophagus, bladder, kidney and pancreas is also reduced - within 15 years: the risk of developing coronary heart disease is reduced to the same level as that of a non-smoker.
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