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BIG ENCYCLOPEDIA FOR CHILDREN AND ADULTS
How did the educational and scientific processes take place in Medieval universities? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? How did the educational and scientific processes take place in Medieval universities? Medieval cities were not only economic, but also cultural centers. From the twelfth century along with the elementary and vocational schools in the cities, a new education - secondary and higher - is becoming widespread. Scientific and intellectual initiative passes from the monasteries to this school, which is directly connected with the city. Urban schools introduced a new scholastic rationalistic (i.e., logical) method of thinking into the world of medieval ideas, which opposed the mental equipment of a link to authority with the principle of its logical justification. The attitude towards books changed - from a treasure in monastic culture, they turn in a city school into a source of knowledge obtained through critical analysis. Gradually, teachers, separating from the church and monastic authorities, began to create their own corporations - universities. The very term "university" originally meant any association of people connected by common interests and having a legal status. From the end of the fourteenth century it began to be used in relation to the academic corporation. The opening of universities was of great importance for the cultural development of European countries. The Roman popes were initially wary of the new educational institutions, but then considered it good to take them under their protection. Charters received from popes and kings gave the universities legal and administrative autonomy, making them independent of the secular and spiritual local authorities. The most ancient universities are Paris, which emphasized theology, and Bologna, famous for teaching law. Formed simultaneously, they at the same time differed significantly in their internal structure, embodying the two main types of universities of the Middle Ages. The University of Bologna (and Padua) was a student organization that arose to protect the interests of law students who came to the city. Associations of students - guilds - carried out the management of university life. But this system was not a democratic organization, since power was in the hands of a few officials - rectors and chancellery. The University of Paris, by contrast, developed as an organization of teachers. Students could neither vote nor participate in university meetings. Northern universities were built according to the Parisian type. Oxford adopted in general the Parisian system of organization. The main difference was that Oxford, like Cambridge, did not originate in an episcopal city and, accordingly, its subordination to episcopal authorities was weaker than in French universities. Not all students who entered the university were able to complete the full course of sciences. Among the students there were those who wandered around the universities of different countries and cities for years to hear the lectures of famous professors. Such students were called vagants - "wandering" students. All universities had "junior" and "senior" faculties, that is, special departments, each of which taught different sciences. Students listened to lectures or participated in debates. The lecture (translated from Latin - "reading") began with the lecturer reading out important passages from the writings of ancient or medieval scholars. Then the professor commented and explained them. Debate was the discussion of contentious issues. By the fourteenth century 60 universities appeared in Europe. This gave a powerful impetus to the development of science. Scientists in the Middle Ages were called scholastics. Many of them were lecturers at universities. They taught to reason and build evidence. History has preserved the names of prominent scientists of that time. These are the philosopher and master Peter Abelard, the "father" of medieval scholasticism and mysticism, Archbishop Anselm of Cantebury, Abelard's student Arnold of Brescia - a propagandist of the idea of equality and the poor church of the early Middle Ages, John Wycliffe, professor at Oxford University, doctor of theology, forerunner of the reformation European movement. Of course, this is only a small part of those who embodied the intellectual image of the medieval era. Author: Irina Tkachenko
Which actress named the effect where attempting to remove information causes it to spread more? In 2003, Barbra Streisand's lawyers unsuccessfully sued Kenneth Adelman for posting several thousand photos of the California coastline on a public website because one of the pictures was of her home. Until that moment, the photo had been downloaded only 6 times, and a month later, with press coverage of the process, the number of downloads exceeded 400. Since then, such attempts to remove information, leading only to its greater dissemination, have been called the Streisand effect.
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