What were the specifics of Europe in the early Middle Ages (mid-XI

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What were the specifics of Europe in the early Middle Ages (mid-XI - late XV centuries)? Detailed answer

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What were the specifics of Europe in the early Middle Ages (mid-XI - late XV centuries)?

Europe in the early Middle Ages was the territory of barbarian states. The movements of barbarian tribes and their attacks on Roman possessions were commonplace. The Roman Empire at one time restrained this process, but at the end of the XNUMXth century. the great migration of peoples began to be uncontrollable.

The main reason for these movements was the growth in the population of barbarian tribes, caused by an increase in living standards due to the intensification of agriculture and the transition to a stable settled way of life. Barbarian tribes sought to seize the fertile lands of the Roman Empire and establish permanent settlements on them.

The Visigoths were the first to move within the boundaries of the Roman Empire (at the beginning of the 387rd century BC). In the battle of Athianopolis (XNUMX), the Goths won, the emperor Valentine died.

In 405-407, Suebi, Vandals and Alans invaded Italy under the leadership of Radagaisus.

In 410, the Visigoth tribes under the command of Amearic broke into Rome. The Eternal City was horribly plundered.

The Visigoths captured the southwestern part of Gaul and founded their kingdom there with its capital at Toulouse (419). In essence, it was the first independent state on Roman territory.

In the III century. Vandals moved from the depths of Germany to the Middle Danube. Under the onslaught of the Huns, they moved to the West, invaded Gaul, and then - to Spain. Soon the kingdom of the Vandals was formed with its capital in Carthage (439). The Vandal kingdom was conquered in 534 by the Eastern Roman Empire.

East German Burgundian tribe in the 457th century. moved to the Middle Rhine and founded his kingdom in the Vorlev region, which was defeated by the Huns. Later, the Burgundians occupied the entire Upper and Middle Rhone and in 534 founded a new kingdom with Lyon as its capital. Settlement among the Halo-Romans contributed to the decomposition of social and tribal relations among the Burgundians and the growth of social differentiation. In XNUMX the Burgundian kingdom was conquered by the Franks.

In 451 the Huns, led by Attila, invaded Gaul. The common danger forced the Western Roman Empire and the barbarian peoples to join forces. The decisive battle, nicknamed the battle of the peoples, took place on the Catalaunian fields. The allied army, consisting of the Romans, Visigoths, Franks and Burgundians, under the command of the Roman commander Aetius, defeated the Huns.

Despite the loss of almost all of its provinces, the Western Roman Empire still formally continued to exist. The imperial court had long been located not in Rome, but in Ravenia, and the affairs of the empire were actually controlled by barbarian military leaders. In 476, the military leader Odoacer usurped power and became the de facto ruler of Italy and Rome. The Western Roman Empire ceased to exist.

In 493, Odoacer concluded an agreement on the division of the territory of the empire with the leader of the Visigoths, Theodoric, after which he was killed.

In 546, the Lombards invaded Italy. Gradually, the Lombards conquered most of Italy, they owned the north of the country.

The conquest of the Roman provinces and the settlement of barbarians among the Roman population, living in a more developed society, accelerated the decomposition primitive communal system and the formation of early feudal relations among barbarian peoples. On the other hand, barbarian conquests accelerated the decomposition of slaveholding relations and the formation of the feudal system in Roman society. At the same time, they created the preconditions for the Romano-Germanic synthesis.

The conquests were accompanied by a process of redistribution of landed property. The senatorial nobility, the top of the curials and the clergy remained large owners. Kings, old tribal nobility and royal vigilantes appropriated a significant share of the conquered land. Allotment land turned into property, and this led to property inequality among the community members and to the establishment of land and personal dependence.

The barbarian kingdoms inherited to one degree or another the Roman territorial and administrative system, and they tried to extend it to the German population. In Western Europe, new Romance peoples began to take shape - Italian, Spanish, Franco-Roman, in which the Germans were absorbed by the Romano-Celtic population.

Author: Irina Tkachenko

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

How is capitalism different from socialism?

The system of free enterprise and wage labor (in everyday life - capitalism) implies a free market, that is, the prices of goods, wages, etc., depend only on supply and demand. The self-regulation of prices, dynamism, and efficiency of production characteristic of market relations under capitalism are combined with a sharp division of society into rich and poor, insufficient social protection for the poor, and the pursuit of profit at any cost.

So-called socialism is planning on top of all economic indicators. It means the power of the bureaucracy, which itself does not produce anything, and the low quality of products. At the same time, the standard of living of all segments of the population differs slightly; this level, although low, is stable.

There are also many "transitional" models of the economy.

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Varieties of owls and larks 03.07.2017

"Owls" like to go to bed late and wake up late, "larks", on the contrary, fall asleep and wake up early. But what does "early" and "late" mean? After all, someone can go to bed at ten in the evening, someone - at midnight, someone - even later.

In their article in PLoS ONE, researchers from Harvard just describe the diversity of chronotypes in different people, whose rhythms of sleep and wakefulness, according to the authors of the work, in some cases can differ by ten hours.

Dorothee Fischer and her colleagues used data collected from 2003 to 2014 as part of a large health project: several tens of thousands of people aged 15 to 64 reported a variety of information about their lifestyle, including when they go to bed and when they wake up. However, in order to determine the chronotype, they did not take the time of falling asleep and waking up, but the middle point between the one and the other; for example, if a person fell asleep at midnight and woke up at eight in the morning, then his "middle of sleep" fell on him at four in the morning. (At the same time, the study used only those data that related to sleep on the weekends, when no work interferes with getting a good night's sleep.)

As a result, the chronotypes were distributed as follows: for the majority (i.e., 50%), the "middle of sleep" was between 2:24 am and 4:15 am; for 25%, the midpoint was earlier, for the other 25% later, and earlier and later it could reach midnight and 9:53 am, respectively (recall again that in this case, midnight and 9:53 am are not the time to fall asleep and awakening, and the time of mid-sleep). The chronotype strongly depended on age: for example, for young people aged 17 to 19, “half-time sleep” was at 4:30 in the morning, and for sixty-year-olds it was at three in the morning.

Among young people (from 15 to 25 years old), the scatter of chronotypes was the largest, while their diversity decreased with age - as they grew older, the points of the "middle of sleep" in different people approached. Men and women in this sense also differed from each other: up to the age of forty, the male chronotype, on average, turned out to be later than the female, after forty they changed places.

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