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BIG ENCYCLOPEDIA FOR CHILDREN AND ADULTS
What were education and culture like in the early Middle Ages? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? What were education and culture like in the early Middle Ages? The transition from the slave system to the feudal system was accompanied by fundamental changes in the cultural life of Western European society. The ancient, mostly secular culture was replaced by the medieval culture, which was characterized by the dominance of religious views. The deep crisis of late antique society contributed to the strengthening of the role of Christianity, which becomes in the XNUMXth century. state religion and exerts an ever greater influence on the ideological and spiritual life of feudal society. Church doctrine was the starting point and basis of all thinking. Jurisprudence, natural science, philosophy - all the content of these sciences was brought into line with the teachings of the church. Religion became at the center of the entire socio-cultural process, subjugating and regulating its main areas. Spiritual hymns, liturgical plays, stories about the life and miraculous deeds of saints and martyrs, popular in the earlier Middle Ages, had a great emotional impact on medieval man. In the Lives, the saint was endowed with character traits that the church wanted to instill in believers (patience, firmness in faith, etc.). Medieval people were persistently inspired by the idea of the futility of human daring in the face of inevitable fate. According to the Church's worldview, the earthly "sinful" temporal life and the material nature of man were opposed to the eternal "beyond" existence. As an ideal of behavior, the church preached humility, asceticism, strict observance of church rites, and submission to the masters. The growth of the influence of Christianity was impossible without the spread of writing, necessary for Christian worship, based on church books. Correspondence of such books was carried out at monasteries. There were also centers for the dissemination of knowledge - schools. In the hierarchy of spheres of medieval culture, theology (theology) had undisputed leadership. Theology played an important role in protecting the official church doctrine from numerous heresies (from the Greek hairesis - "special dogma"), the emergence of which dates back to the early Middle Ages and without which it is impossible to imagine the socio-cultural situation of that time. Among the most common heretical ideas were: monophysitism (denial of the doctrine of the dual divine-human nature of Christ); Nestroianism (proved the position of the "independently existing" human nature of Christ); Adoptian heresy, which was based on the idea of the adoption by God of the human son of Christ. A prominent place in the hierarchy of spheres of medieval culture was occupied by philosophy, designed to provide evidence of the truth of the Christian faith. The rest of the sciences (astronomy, geometry, history, etc.) were subordinated to philosophy. Under the strong influence of the church was artistic creativity. The medieval artist was called upon to display only the perfection of the world order. Western Europe during the early Middle Ages was characterized by the Romanesque style. Thus, the buildings of the Romanesque style are distinguished by massive forms, narrow window openings, and a significant height of the towers. Temple buildings of the Romanesque style were also distinguished by their massiveness, they were decorated with frescoes from the inside, and reliefs from the outside. The paintings and sculptures of the Romanesque type are characterized by a flat two-dimensional image, generalization of forms, violation of proportions in the image of figures, lack of portrait resemblance to the original. By the end of the HP century. the Romanesque style is replaced by the Gothic, which is characterized by slender columns carried upwards, huge elongated windows decorated with stained-glass windows. The general plan of Gothic temples is based on the shape of the Latin cross. Such were the Gothic cathedrals in Paris, Chartres, Bourges (France). In England, these are Westminster Abbey in London, the cathedrals in Salisbury, York, etc. In Germany, the transition to Gothic was slower than in France and England. The first Gothic temple was the church in Lübeck. An important element of the culture of this time was folk art: folk tales, epic works. Author: Irina Tkachenko
Why is electricity called electricity? The Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus noticed in about 600 BC that pieces of resin found on the shores of the Baltic Sea (which we call amber, and the ancient Greeks called electron), if rubbed against a piece of fur or wool, acquire the ability to attract feathers, threads or fluff. Therefore, more than a thousand years later, the English physicist William Gilbert (1544-1603) proposed calling this force of mutual attraction electricity, introducing this term to science for the first time. Hilbert also found that, in addition to amber, other materials, such as glass, have a similar property.
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