What was Germany like in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries? Detailed answer

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What was Germany like in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries? Detailed answer

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What was Germany like in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries?

After the collapse of the Carolingian Empire, secured by the Treaty of Verdun in 843, the formation of an early feudal state in Germany began. By the beginning of the XNUMXth century. On the territory of Germany there were duchies: Saxony and Thuringia (in Northern Germany), Franconia along the middle reaches of the Rhine, Swabia (along the upper reaches of the Danube and Rhine) and Bavaria (along the middle reaches of the Danube). The dukes, turning into large feudal landowners, used their position as tribal leaders to strengthen their power. This led to the preservation of tribal disunity, which hampered the historical development of Germany.

In 911, after the end of the Carolingian dynasty in Germany, one of the tribal dukes, Conrad I of Franconia, was elected king. After his death, a struggle for power developed between the tribal dukes, as a result of which two kings were elected at once - Henry of Saxony and Arnulf of Bavaria. But the objective prerequisites for strengthening central royal power in Germany already existed. On the one hand, the process of feudalization in the country was making progress; its further strengthening required strong royal power. On the other hand, the political unification of Germany was necessary in the face of external danger. From the end of the XNUMXth century. Germany became the object of attention of the Normans, and from the beginning of the XNUMXth century. - Hungarians who settled in Pannonia.

The objective prerequisites for strengthening royal power in Germany were used by the kings of the Saxon dynasty, under the first representatives of which - Henry I and Otto I - the German early feudal state actually took shape. True, the tribal dukes strongly resisted the unification processes.

In order to curb the separatism of the tribal dukes and strengthen the authority of the central government, Otto I began to rely on large church feudal lords - bishops and abbots, who, unlike secular magnates, did not have hereditary rights to their possessions. Church property was under the supreme patronage of the king. Therefore, the king tried in every possible way to increase the rights of church institutions at the expense of secular magnates. The highest church dignitaries were attracted by the king to carry out administrative, diplomatic, military, and public service. This ecclesiastical organization, placed at the service of the royal power and being its main support, received in the literature the name of the imperial church (Reichs-kirche).

The church policy of Otto I found its logical conclusion in the desire of the royal power to establish control over the papacy, which was at the head of the Roman church. The subjugation of the papacy was closely connected with plans to conquer Italy and revive some kind of empire of Charlemagne. The ambitious plans of Otto I were realized. He managed to conquer the scattered Italian principalities. Early in 962, the pope crowned Otto I in Rome with the imperial crown. Prior to this, Otto I, under a special agreement, recognized the pope's claims to secular possessions in Italy, but the German emperor was proclaimed the supreme lord of these possessions. The obligatory oath of the pope to the emperor was introduced, which was an expression of the subordination of the papacy to the empire. Thus, in 962, the medieval German Empire arose (later it received the name of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation), headed by the German emperor, which included, in addition to Germany, Northern and a significant part of Central Italy, some Slavic lands, as well as part of South and South East France. In the first half of the XI century. the Burgundian kingdom was annexed to the empire.

The expansionist policy of the German kings led to a waste of strength, was an obstacle to the folding of the German national state. Large church feudal lords, who turned out to be masters of vast territories, like secular magnates, are increasingly becoming in opposition to the central government, actively developing separatist processes in the country.

In the XNUMXth century central state power in Germany weakens, and a long period of feudal fragmentation begins.

Author: Irina Tkachenko

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

Why do we perceive our voice in a recording differently than when we speak?

Our voice in the recording seems to us completely different than at the time when we speak. The fact is that sound can enter the cochlea - the part of the inner ear responsible for sound perception - in two ways. The external path is through the auditory canal, eardrum and middle ear, and the internal path is directly through the tissues of the head, which amplify the low frequencies of the voice. Thus, at the moment of speaking, we perceive our voice as a combination of external and internal sound, and while listening to the recording, only the external channel is involved. By the way, in rare cases, due to a defect in the inner ear, its sensitivity is so increased that a person constantly hears the sound of his breathing and even the sound of the rotation of the eyeballs.

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