Discord and vacillation. Meaning, origin, examples of the use of phraseological units

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Winged words, phraseological units. Meaning, history of origin, examples of use

Winged words, phraseological units

Directory / Winged words, phraseological units

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Discord and vacillations

Lenin V.I.

Phraseologism: Confusion and reels.

Meaning: About the lack of purposefulness and unity.

Origin: The expression developed as a "summary quotation" on the basis of a number of relevant phrases from the works of V. I. Lenin (1870-1924). For example, in the preface to Chto Delat (February 1902), he wrote: "... That confusion, those vacillations that constituted the distinguishing feature of a whole period in the history of Russian Social Democracy." The same expression is found in his speech at the And Congress of the RSDLP (August 2, 1903) - "elements of disunity, vacillation and opportunism", etc.

Random phraseology:

Bet.

Meaning:

To argue on something, to bet.

Origin:

In the form of the 1st person unit. numbers (I bet) the expression means: "I swear, I'm quite sure." A pledge in Russia was any material security in the fidelity of paying a loan or other obligation, a pledge, as well as a bet, a dispute on a win or the bet itself. It is believed that the verb to fight became a proverb because initially controversial issues were resolved with the help of fists (the debaters literally fought to prove which of them was stronger).

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Bacterial ink for 3D printer 13.12.2017

3D printing technology allows the use of a variety of substances as "ink". Indeed, in recent years, everything has been loaded into XNUMXD printers, ranging from ingenious thermo- and light-sensitive polymers, from which objects are made that change shape when temperature or light changes, and up to proteins, from which semi-synthetic organs are created.

Moreover, from time to time, researchers try to print something directly from living cells. But so far, cell printing has not advanced far, for the simple reason that our cells, which are protected from the external environment by only a two-layer lipid membrane, do not withstand the conditions of the method and die.

But what if we take not human and animal cells, but bacteria? After all, in addition to the membrane, they also have a fairly powerful cell wall, and in general, bacteria are not as sensitive to extreme influences as eukaryotic cells, so it is quite possible that they will easily survive a 3D printer.

To print with bacteria, they need to find an environment in which they could live, being applied to the surface. In a bacterial "ink" created by scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a pluronic acid-based hydrogel was made as a carrier for bacteria: such a hydrogel retains water with nutrients, allowing cells to live and function, and is quite suitable for a 3D printer.

Before the experiment, the bacteria underwent genetic modification, which made them sensitive to a particular substance: if the desired substance appeared in the medium, the bacteria synthesized a fluorescent protein. Then, using a 3D printer, a tree-like pattern was printed on a special elastic material, consisting of three types of bacteria that react to three different substances (it is clear that the printer allows you to mix and alternate "ink" as we please). The resulting pattern was glued to a human hand, which had previously been moistened with a solution with three types of signal molecules - and as a result, the pattern on the hand began to glow: different bacteria each felt their own substance and made a fluorescent protein in response.

Bacterial "3D ink" allows printing at very high resolutions of up to 30 micrometres, which in turn is suggestive of bacterial microcircuits, in which groups of bacteria perform logical operations, similar to microcircuits in a computer.

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