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What are the specifics of Italy in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? What are the specifics of Italy in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries? In the Middle Ages, Italy was not a single state; historically there were three main regions - Northern, Middle and Southern Italy, which in turn broke up into separate feudal states. Each of the regions retained its distinctive features arising from the peculiarities of the economic, political and geographical conditions of individual parts of the Apennine Peninsula. Most of Northern Italy was occupied by Lombardy - the fertile valley of the Po River, which from the VI-VIII centuries. was under the rule of the Germanic tribes - the Lombards (hence its name - Lombardy), and from the VIII century. became part of the Carolingian Empire. A significant part of Central Italy was occupied by the Papal States, the secular state of the popes with its center in Rome. To the north of the dominions of the pope lay the Duchy of Tuscany. Northern and Central Italy after the Treaty of Verdun in 843 formally became an independent single kingdom headed by a king. But the power of individual feudal lords in this area was also significant. Southern Italy and the island of Sicily until the end of the XNUMXth century. were also fragmented into separate fiefs and often passed from one conqueror to another. For a long time, a significant part of the south of the country - Apulia, Calabria, Naples and Sicily - were Byzantine provinces. In the ninth century new conquerors invade here - the Arabs, who took possession of all of Sicily and formed an emirate there with a center in Palermo. At the beginning of the XNUMXth century the Normans conquered these lands and founded the Sicilian kingdom here. The diversity of the political map of Italy complicated the development of feudal relations. In Northern Italy, the processes of feudalization were slower than in other regions. The Frankish conquest accelerated these processes. Church landownership played a very important role in Italy, especially in its middle part. In the south of Italy and Sicily, slave-owning orders persisted for a long time, which led to a significant lag in the feudalization of these areas. The formation of feudal relations led to an increase in productive forces in agriculture. The favorable geographical position of the Italian lands intensified trade here, the development of commodity-money relations and contributed to the accelerated separation of crafts from agriculture. The result of this was the growth of cities. They arose in Italy earlier than in other European countries. Particularly significant was the growth of cities conducting intermediary trade between Western and Eastern countries. The early development of cities in Italy led to their early liberation from the power of feudal lords. Since the XNUMXth century. As a result of the struggle between cities and lords, self-governing urban communities (communes) emerged in some cities, many of which by the end of the XNUMXth century. become independent city republics (Milan, Piacenza, Verona, Parma, Venice, Genoa, Pisa, Florence, Lucca, Siena, etc.). In 962, the Italian lands became dependent on the German king Otto I, who undertook a campaign against Rome, captured it, was crowned the imperial crown and proclaimed the creation of a new Roman Empire, including Germany and a significant part of Italy. This artificial political formation, which had neither a common economic base nor ethnic unity, caused innumerable disasters for Italy throughout many centuries of its history. In the ninth century the papacy was in a state of extreme decline. After the campaign of Otto I, the popes fell under the control of the German emperors, who began to put persons they liked on the papal throne. Such a papacy supported the idea of creating a strong Roman Empire headed by the German kings, which played a reactionary role in relation to the Italian people. However, despite these difficult conditions, in the IX-XI centuries. in Italy began the process of formation of the Italian nationality. It was born in a hard and long struggle with foreign invaders, but was not destroyed by numerous conquests. On the contrary, the conquerors assimilated with the local population, assimilated the language of the Italian people, which was based on Latin, and its high culture, created over the centuries. Author: Irina Tkachenko
What is a 17 year old locust? There is no such concept. What is called a 17 year old locust is actually a 17 year old cicada which is a very different insect. True locusts are grasshoppers, and calling a cicada a locust is a mistake. The 17-year-old cicada is an unusual insect. She lives longer than other insects (with the exception of the royal termite). Its life cycle proceeds as follows: a chrysalis, a small cicada, hatches from an egg on the branches of a tree. Then it falls to the ground, digs into it and attaches itself to the roots of plants. They remain in this immobile position for 17 years! Then some secret instinct calls them into the light. Cicadas crawl up tree trunks, their skin falls off, and a real cicada appears. For about five weeks they live a happy life in the sunlight. Male cicadas, and only they, are able to chirp, produce that metallic sound, which is called the "voice of the cicada." This sound is the call of the male to his girlfriend. Sound is produced by one of the most complex musical organs in nature. These are small, drum-like plates at the end of the torso, they constantly vibrate, set in motion by muscles that never seem to get tired. Five weeks pass and the cicada dies. It takes 17 years of development for five happy weeks of life. The 17-year-old cicada (in the South it takes 13 years to develop) is found only in the United States. Although there are about a thousand species of cicadas in total, most of them live in the tropics.
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