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What were the main features of the Hellenistic era? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? What were the main features of the Hellenistic era? The Hellenistic era is understood as almost 300 years of the history of Greece, Macedonia, the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean, Iran, Central Asia and the regions adjacent to them after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the conquest of the Hellenistic countries from the west by Rome, and from the east by Parthia. The traditional date that ends the history of the Hellenistic era is considered to be 30 BC. when the last independent Hellenistic kingdom of the Ptolemies (Egypt) was conquered by Rome. The term “Hellenism” was first used more than 100 years ago by the German historian Charles Droysen. The Hellenistic period was a time of close combination and mutual influence of ancient Greek and ancient Eastern socio-economic, political and cultural relations. At the same time, the colonization of the Middle East by the Greeks took place on an unprecedented scale. Egypt was one of the most powerful Hellenistic states. Its capital - Alexandria - was the largest port, trade, craft and cultural center of the Eastern Mediterranean. Three Greek cities were located in the main territory of Egypt: Alexandria, Ptolemais and Navkratia. The royal court was in Alexandria. The nobles who belonged to the royal court were the king's advisers and bore the honorary titles of the king's "relatives", "friends", etc. The Ptolemaic state owned a number of territories outside of Egypt: Cyrenaica, the island of Cyprus, Southern Syria, and Phoenicia. These possessions usually retained their local government, but under the control of the Ptolemaic governors. By ancient Greek tradition and by right of conquest, the Ptolemies were the owners of their Egyptian land. A significant part of the Egyptian land was cultivated by peasants under the direct supervision of officials of the royal financial administration. The king provided another part of the Egyptian land for the use of soldiers, priests, nobles, etc. Temple land was more privileged. Taxes from this land were at the disposal of the priests, who contributed a certain part of them to the royal treasury. Most of the territory of the Hellenistic world in the XNUMXrd century. BC e. controlled the Seleucid state. The Seleucids dominated the caravan and water routes connecting the Mediterranean Sea with the countries of the Middle East, and traded through Central Asia and India, even with China. In this trade, the Selykids had competitors in the person of the Ptolemies. In their government, the Seleucids, like the Ptolemies, used local and Greco-Macedonian experience. They retained the Persian administrative division into satrapies, but they were now headed by royal governors - strategists. The country was divided into Greek cities and Khorez. The main support of the Seleucids has always been an army of Macedonians, Greeks and various Hellenized elements. The situation in Europe was somewhat different from that in the Middle East. Agrarian relations in Macedonia, in contrast to the Eastern Hellenistic states, developed on the basis of the ancient form of ownership. However, even in Macedonia there was a royal land; the tsar conceded part of this land for the use of soldiers and the service aristocracy. The administration of the country was concentrated in the hands of the king. The main direction of Macedonian foreign policy was the desire for hegemony in Greece and the Aegean. The most powerful Hellenistic states - the Seleucid and Ptolemaic kingdoms - competed with each other for dominance in the eastern Mediterranean and sought to play an active role in Greece. At the same time, from time to time they entered into difficult relations with the third great Hellenistic power - Macedonia, which was directly interested in always keeping the Aegean Sea basin under its control. The Hellenistic world was gradually conquered in the east by Parthia and in the west by Rome. Rome ensured the further development of the slave-owning society in the conquered territories. The culture of the Hellenistic world was complex and diverse. It was a synthesis and various combinations of Greek culture and cultures of the countries of the Near and partially Middle East. Hellenic culture is characterized by its Greek design. Absolutism became an important feature of the ideology of the ruling class, an important element of the official ideology of the Hellenistic states. Author: Irina Tkachenko
Where did the word umbrella come from? The word "umbrella" appeared in Russian from Dutch in this form. Later it was perceived by the people as a diminutive, and for large umbrellas they began to use the word "umbrella".
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