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Transcranial magnetic stimulation improved short-term verbal memory

04.10.2021

Transcranial magnetic stimulation at a frequency of one hertz, applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during word memorization, is associated with improved verbal memory. Moreover, this effect is associated with a well-known physiological correlate of memory formation - a decrease in beta waves observed in the posterior cortex.

The left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex plays an important role in the formation of verbal memory: if this area is stimulated while memorizing words, any text, or a passage of it, then later, when trying to reproduce the memorized memory, a decrease in memory performance will be found. Moreover, such a decrease in performance is mainly observed when using excitatory transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with an oscillation frequency of 20 hertz. Thus, it appears that the activity of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex may have an inverse relationship with memory performance.

Accordingly, it can be assumed that by suppressing the activity of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, it is possible to increase memory performance. And the fact that the application of slow (with a frequency of one hertz) repetitive TMS has an inhibitory effect on motor areas suggests a method of influence.

In the first experiment of the study, 40 healthy participants and in the second - 24 looked through two lists of 10 words per series, and there were 12 such series in total. The participants were faced with the task of either remembering both lists, or only one. At the same time, in each experiment, while memorizing the second list, half of the participants received repetitive TMS with a frequency of one hertz of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and the other half, which became the control group, received it in the region of the crown of the head, since, according to previous studies, stimulation of these zones has a relatively small effect. influence on the current brain processes involved in most experimental tasks.

It turned out that with free recall, compared with the control group, participants in the experimental group remembered significantly more words, but only words from those lists, during the memorization of which they received stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Simultaneously recorded EEG data for the first experiment showed that one hertz TMS was associated with a subsequent decrease in beta waves, a condition known to be beneficial for memory formation. This decrease was noted in the parietal and occipital regions, which are involved in the processes of information perception, which is critical for memorization, because it is impossible to remember correctly what is perceived incorrectly or not perceived at all.

In addition to the effect that TMS has on memory, it has helped scientists intercept memories on the way from short-term to long-term memory. And this is important for studying the mechanisms of memory formation, and the transfer of information from working memory to long-term storage.

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Expansion board X-NUCLEO-IDS01A4 13.02.2016

The new X-NUCLEO-IDS01A4 expansion board from STMicroelectronics allows you to add wireless data transfer functionality to any project that is being developed based on Nucleo boards with STM32 microcontrollers. The X-NUCLEO-IDS01A4 board has a SPSGRF-868 radio module with a chip antenna, which completely eliminates the need for an engineer to work with high-frequency components. The board is made in the Arduino Shield form factor, compatible with MORPHO and Arduino UNO R3 family connectors.

The interface with the control microcontroller is carried out through the SPI and GPIO lines. The designer can change some of the GPIO lines by soldering the resistors on the board specifically provided for this purpose. The board additionally has an M95640-R 64 Kbit serial SPI bus EEPROM memory chip, which can be used, for example, to store user settings related to the use of the SPIRIT1 transceiver.

Due to the fact that the board uses the most popular and affordable 2,54 mm pitch connectors, X-NUCLEO-IDS01A4 is easy to connect to your own design board or even to solderless prototyping boards to quickly create a working device prototype. The low price of the expansion board allows it to be used not only in prototypes, but also in small production batches.

The X-NUCLEO-IDS01A4 board is supported by the STMCube software package, which includes the STM32CubeMX graphical code generator. The special X-CUBE-SUBG1 plug-in allows you to quickly and easily create a working wireless transceiver code for any STM32 microcontroller. The board has been tested by the manufacturer with the NUCLEO-L053R8 and NUCLEO-F401RE boards, which are based on low power microcontrollers.

X-NUCLEO-IDS01A4 Features:

Built on the basis of the SPSGRF-868 (ETSI-certified) module;
Compatible with Spirit1 Library and STM32Cube firmware;
Code examples for NUCLEO-L053R8 and NUCLEO-F401RE;
Integrated balun BALF-SPI-01D3 and chip antenna;
Memory M95640-R 64 Kbit serial SPI bus EEPROM;
Operating voltage 1,8 ... 3,6 V.

Software developers are offered a ready-made point-to-point wireless link project, which is included in the X-CUBE-SUBG1 extension software package (for STM32Cube). The software runs on STM32 and includes drivers that implement a radio channel in the sub-1 GHz range for SPIRIT1 and the SPSGRF-868 module based on it. The X-CUBE-SUBG1 software is built on the STM32Cube software technology to facilitate portability between different STM32 microcontrollers.

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