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What wars did Greece and Persia wage between themselves? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? What wars did Greece and Persia wage between themselves? Emerging in the mid-XNUMXth century. BC e. and conquered all the Middle Eastern states in the second half of the XNUMXth century. BC e. the enormous Persian power reached the height of its power during the reign of King Darius I, at the end of the XNUMXth century. BC uh... Under Darius I, a system of governing a huge state was organized, the system of strategic and trade roads along which troops moved was improved, tribute was brought to the Persian capitals, regularly received from conquered tribes and peoples. The systematic collection of large tributes gradually exhausted their economic opportunities. Therefore, the Persian state was interested in conquering new territories that had not yet been depleted by excessive extortions. In order to strengthen his power over the rich coastal cities of the Asia Minor Greeks, Darius I in 513 BC. e. undertook a campaign through Thrace to the northern Black Sea region against the Scythians. The Scythian nomads chose the most expedient tactic in the fight against the Persian invasion: they destroyed wells and food along the route of the Persian army. Darius I had to stop and turn back. But as a result of this campaign, the Persians captured Byzantium and the entire eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula. The borders of the Persian state came close to Greece. The broad masses of the trade and craft population of the policies of the Balkan Greece, who in the recent past defeated the tribal aristocracy in a stubborn internal struggle, are now faced with a powerful and merciless external adversary. The aristocracy, on the other hand, was not averse to regaining the dominant position it had lost at the price of recognizing the supreme power of the Persians. There was no unity in the foreign policy of the Greeks towards Persia. Gradually, such a situation arose that, on an insignificant occasion, a spontaneous uprising could break out. As a result of the internal struggle on the island of Naxos, the aristocracy was overthrown and expelled. The Milesian tyrant Aristagoras decided to restore the aristocracy and therefore turned to Darius I with a request for help in conquering Naxos. The first successes of the Ionian uprising: it was unexpected for the Persians, but the forces were unequal. In 454 B.C. e. the uprising was suppressed. The minor assistance provided to the Ionians by Athens and Eretria was used by Darius I as a pretext for his first campaign against Balkan Greece. In 492 B.C. e a large land army and navy under the command of Marzonius set out to conquer Greece. Darius I sent envoys to Greece demanding recognition of the supreme power of the Persian state. Most Greek city-states complied with this requirement. In 490 B.C. e. The second campaign against Greece took place. The purpose of this campaign was primarily a war against Eretria and Athens. Although news of the hostilities of the Persian fleet quickly spread in Greece, they did not mobilize the Greeks to unanimously resist the enemy. The aristocratic group expressed pro-Persian sentiments. The Athenian strategists were divided over whether to start the battle first or organize the defense. The victory of the Athenians during the marathon over the powerful Persian landing was of great moral and political significance. It gave the Greeks confidence in the possibility of defending their independence in the fight against Persian aggression. In 481 B.C. e. An alliance arose between Athens and Sparta, which was joined by a significant number of other Greek city states, although complete unity was not achieved. In the spring of 480 BC. e. The third Persian campaign in Greece began under the leadership of Xerxes himself. The continued lack of coordination between Sparta, Athens and other policies facilitated the Persian offensive. The Salamis victory of the Greeks over the superior forces of the Persians led to a turn in the entire course of the war. The war moved beyond the borders of Greece and continued at sea and in the region of the Black Sea straits. From a defensive one, it began to turn for the Greeks into an offensive one. The war with the Persians continued intermittently until 449 BC. e. The Greco-Persian wars ended with the victory of the Greeks, who defended the freedom and independence of their homeland from the aggression of the Persian despotism. Despite disagreements, at decisive moments they were able to unite and give a crushing rebuff to the invaders. But the Greeks were people of their own, slave-owning era. In the second period of the war, having made sure that the forces of Persia were exhausted, the Greek soldiers, to the best of their ability, plundered the Persian coast and turned the captives into slavery. Author: Irina Tkachenko
What is the date of the famous Ring-a-ring o'roses? By the seventeenth century, you say? After all, this is about the plague: rose rings - lesions on the skin, the first traces of infection, a bottle of boutonnieres - futile attempts to scare off the disease sneezing - a symptom of an impending disease "everyone fell" - death. Like most attempts to attribute accurate historical meaning to nursery rhymes and rhymes, this one also does not stand up to scrutiny. The popular novelist James Leasor first tried to promote this theory in his rather vivid account of the life of 1961th century London called Plague and Fire (400). It must be said that until then there was no obvious connection (and there was absolutely no evidence) that the rhyme has been sung in this form, allegedly for XNUMX years, and allegedly as a way to preserve the trauma inflicted by the plague in people's memory. Yes, because it's not. The earliest recorded version of the famous nursery rhyme dates from 1790 and comes from Massachusetts: Ring a ring a rosie A bottle full of posie, All the girls in our town Ring for little Josie There is no better Josie in the whole world of a scarlet rose (translated by Elena Poletskaya).). There are French, German and even Gaelic variants. Some have a second verse where everyone gets up again, others mention wedding bells, buckets of water, birds, bell towers, Jackies, Gills and other familiar images of nursery rhymes and counting rhymes. Another, somewhat more plausible theory links the rhyme to a popular game in which all participants stand in a circle: the main element of the "holiday games" that arose in the XNUMXth century in Protestant communities in England and America, where dancing was strictly forbidden. "Ring-a-ring o'roses" remains the most beloved "group game" in the UK to this day. In his collection Nursery Rhymes and Tales (1924), Henry Bett is of the opinion that the age of this poem should be "measured in millennia, or rather, a poem is so great that it simply cannot be measured by anything."
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