Why is the Nobel Prize not awarded for achievements in mathematics? Detailed answer

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Why is the Nobel Prize not awarded for achievements in mathematics? Detailed answer

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Why is the Nobel Prize not awarded for achievements in mathematics?

There is an opinion that Alfred Nobel did not include mathematics in the list of disciplines of his prize due to the fact that his wife cheated on him with a mathematician. In fact, Nobel never married. The real reason for ignoring mathematics by Nobel is unknown, but there are several suggestions. For example, at that time there was already a prize in mathematics from the Swedish king. Another is that mathematicians do not make important inventions for mankind, since this science is purely theoretical.

Authors: Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger

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Is it worth believing the centenary calendar?

Attempts to predict, at least in general terms, the weather for many years ahead were made as early as the 1652th century, first in Nuremberg by Mauritsius Knauf for 1658-1670, then by an associate of Peter I, general, scientist and "warlock" Yakov Vilimovich Bruce (1735 -100) XNUMX years ahead. These attempts were not crowned with success. Only in our time, on the basis of an analysis of the influence of terrestrial and cosmic factors, quite successful forecasts are made, which, however, are not recognized by professional meteorologists.

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Unsymmetrical superconductor 07.09.2016

Bismuth selenide Bi2Se3 is an amazing substance: this intermetallic compound is a topological insulator: electric current flows only over its surface, without penetrating deep into the material, and if you add a little strontium, it acquires the ability to go into a superconducting state, that is, conduct current without resistance.

According to the theory of Bardeen - Cooper - Schrieffer, superconductivity is carried out by Cooper pairs - electrons interacting through lattice vibrations, which seem to have become one particle. Their spins add up, and such a particle has an integer value of this quantum number, that is, it obeys Bose-Einstein statistics, and not Fermi-Dirac, like single electrons. Bose particles condense, which is what causes superconductivity. The magnetic field destroys it, freeing the electrons from the bonds between them.

But in the case of bismuth, obviously, this is not quite the case. The lattice of this substance is strongly anisotropic, it consists of layers. It is clear that the properties of matter along and across the layers are different. But here, researchers from the University of Amsterdam with colleagues from the Foundation for Fundamental Research of Matter found that there is a strong anisotropy in directions parallel to the layers: the value of the critical magnetic field that destroys superconductivity changed significantly if it was oriented along different directions of the layer.

In other words, this substance has a broken rotational symmetry - usually such violations are discussed by elementary particle physics, not materials science. Now we need to find out how for Cooper pairs one direction turns out to be much better than others, seemingly no different.

It is interesting to note that since the XNUMXth century, mentions of the amazing properties of bismuth compounds have been found in scientific texts devoted to the problems of antigravity.

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