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BIG ENCYCLOPEDIA FOR CHILDREN AND ADULTS
When was the silkworm first used? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? When was the silkworm first used? Silk is a thread or fabric made from the finest web of the silkworm, a type of caterpillar. And the cobweb is the cocoon that the silkworm spins in the process of its development into a moth. The secret of making silk thread and fabric was known to the Chinese about 4000 years ago. There is a legend that the young Chinese Empress Xi Lin Chi accidentally dipped a caterpillar cocoon into the water and discovered that the cocoon's shiny threads could be unwound. She is said to have experimented with growing silkworms and using silk thread to make cloth. For hundreds of years, the Chinese have kept the secret of growing silkworms and making silk. Merchants from other countries came to the Chinese border to acquire precious silk products and other goods. For some time in ancient Persia and the Greek islands, silk garments were unraveled and re-woven with a different pattern. The secret of silk production came to Japan around the third century AD. In 550, the Byzantine emperor Justinian sent two Persian monks to China to bring silkworm eggs in a bamboo cane. This episode was the beginning of the development of the silk industry in the vicinity of Constantinople. From here silk production gradually spread throughout southwestern Europe. Italy is famous for its fine brocade, damask and velveteen, made from silk grown in Italy. Author: Likum A.
What is made from celluloid? Ping-pong balls and collar stiffeners. Celluloid film has not been made for a long time. The main ingredient of celluloid is cellulose nitrate, while modern film is made from cellulose acetate. Celluloid is considered to be the first plastic. In strictly technical terms, it is a thermoplastic, which means that every time it is reheated, it can be given almost any shape. Celluloid is composed of cellulose nitrate and camphor. Cellulose occurs naturally in the cell walls of plants. Camphor is obtained from camphor laurel, it can be distinguished by the characteristic smell of naphthalene, the balls of which, by the way, are made from it. For the first time in history, celluloid was obtained in the English city of Birmingham by Alexander Parkes, who patented it for use in the manufacture of waterproof clothing. And celluloid became a cheap substitute for ivory: billiard balls and artificial teeth began to be made from it. Because of its malleability, celluloid made cinema possible because rigid glass plates cannot pass through a projector. True, on the other hand, celluloid is not only terribly combustible, but also rapidly decomposing, which greatly complicates storage. Therefore, the use of celluloid has been greatly reduced these days. Celluloid has been replaced by more stable plastics: cellulose acetate (derived from wood pulp) and polyethylene (a byproduct of gasoline production). Cellulose nitrate (or nitrocellulose) was invented by accident in 1846 by Christian Schönbein, the man who had discovered ozone six years earlier. While experimenting in the kitchen with nitric and sulfuric acid, Shenbein accidentally broke the bottle, wiped all this mess from the table with his wife's cotton apron, and hung it up to dry on the stove. But the fabric immediately burned out with an explosion - this is how the first new explosive was discovered (the very first, gunpowder, was invented in ancient China). The new material was called "gun cotton" (guncotton). It was smokeless and four times more powerful than regular gunpowder. Schönbein immediately patented the discovery and sold the exclusive rights to manufacture it to John Hall and Sons. The following year, their factory in Faversham, Kent, exploded, burying twenty-one workers in the rubble. Numerous fatal explosions also took place in France, Russia and Germany. A stable product was obtained only forty years later, in 1889, when the English chemists James Dewar and Frederick Abel developed cordite based on nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin. Seven years earlier, Dewar had invented the thermos.
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