What language was written in the decree requiring the use of English in English courts? Detailed answer

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What language was written in the decree requiring the use of English in English courts? Detailed answer

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What language was written in the decree requiring the use of English in English courts?

In 1362, the English Parliament passed a decree requiring the use of the English language in state courts. At that time, the top of the English society spoke mainly in French, but the representatives of the lower classes did not know it and could not understand what questions the judge was asking them and what they were being accused of. Moreover, the text of the act itself was also written in French.

Authors: Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

What is skin?

Skin is the skin of an animal. Usually these are the skins of cows, horses, goats and pigs.

Cattle skins are the main source of leather raw materials. Calfskin is thinner, softer and lighter, which is why the most expensive shoes and bags are made from it. The skin of goats, both young and old, is called kid skin. Most suede leathers are kid skins, sanded on the side that was in direct proximity to soft tissues. Horse skins are used to make shoes, jackets and sports equipment.

Kangaroo skins are the most durable skins. They are used to make track and field and baseball shoes. Crocodile skin is used to make shoes, handbags, wallets and travel bags. Even the skins of snakes and lizards are used for the same purposes. Tanning makes animal skin soft and supple. Tannin, which is found in oak bark and is used in the tanning of hides, causes a chemical reaction. If some amendments are made to these chemical processes, then different types of leather are obtained.

Before tanning, the skin must be treated in a special way, "preserved". This is done in canneries where they are salted to keep them from rotting. After tanning, the leathers are treated with resins, shellac, and other chemicals that make them shiny. Dyes are added for color. Shiny leather surface becomes after coating it with varnish. Suede leather becomes if its surface is sanded or treated with sandpaper so that hairiness appears.

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Random news from the Archive

Half of the fertile soils have been destroyed 05.06.2019

The production of 95% of crops depends on the quality of the topsoil. However, experts warn that over the past 150 years, half of the fertile soils have already disappeared.

The rest can be exhausted within the next 60 years. In the United States, a country with active and modern agriculture, arable land is disappearing 10 times faster than it is being restored.

As the Guardian notes, the main reason for the loss of topsoil is intensive farming. On farms that use excessive amounts of fertilizer, soils are more vulnerable to the effects of rain and wind.

Their degradation is also facilitated by over-tillage, lack of cover crops, growing only one or two plant species, and excess pesticides. All these are features that characterize modern "efficient" agriculture.

To cope with the impending crisis, farmers are shifting to new farming methods. For example, they stop using the plow, which increases the content of organic matter in the soil. In 2017, already 40% of American farmers abandoned arable land cultivation.

Another way to conserve soils is to plant cover crops between harvests. Plants such as rye and buckwheat provide organic matter to the soil and nourish beneficial microorganisms. And corn and soy help it retain moisture, which is especially true in dry areas.

Experts emphasize that governments need to encourage farmers to take measures to protect soils. Otherwise, humanity will face catastrophic consequences.

Syria or Libya can be cited as an example. During the time of the Roman Empire, a huge amount of grain was grown in the territories of these countries, but barbarian agriculture turned the fertile lands into deserts.

Loss of fertile soils is not the only problem of agriculture. Due to climate change, the productivity of major crops, from soybeans to oil palms, is changing. Yields have already fallen seriously in many regions, with the world's poorest regions hardest hit.

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