Which animal has to tear its mouth open each time to feed? Detailed answer

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Which animal has to tear its mouth open each time to feed? Detailed answer

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Which animal has to tear its mouth open each time to feed?

The hydra does not have a mouth opening as such. Each time after the act of feeding, the cells around the oral cone tightly close, forming a layer of ectoderm, similar to the layers of other parts of the body. To start a new meal, the hydra has to tear this area due to muscle effort.

Authors: Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

How many euphemisms for a latrine have changed in Russian?

In our speech, often words that are indecent to say out loud are replaced by euphemisms, which over time also become "shameful" and give way to new euphemisms. For example, once instead of the traditional Russian word "nuzhnik", a latrine began to be called a toilet borrowed from French. Then "water closet" appeared in the lexicon, and around the beginning of the 20th century, the word "latrine" came into use, which previously only called the dressing and washing room. Finally, the time has come for the "toilet", which previously meant an outfit or a table with a mirror. First, the toilet began to be called a restroom in some public places (theaters, restaurants), and then any room with a toilet.

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Female neurons are thinner than male ones. 30.11.2017

Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania compared rat neurons taken from the brains of males and females and found that female neurons are thinner and more fragile than male ones. The same was seen in human neurons - female neurons were thinner than male ones.

As you know, neurons are cells with many processes along which neuron impulses run. Short processes are called dendrites, long processes are called axons. And long - this is putting it mildly: in some cases, axons can reach a length of one meter or more. What we just said about the fragility of female neurons applies specifically to their axons.

But it's not about the thickness itself. In female axons, there are few microtubules - special intracellular structures that play the role of a skeleton and at the same time ensure the transport of substances through the cell. It is clear that the issue of transport is extremely important for neurons with their processes.

In the event of an injury, the axons of female neurons will suffer more because they are less durable. The axon itself does not need to be torn, but the stress in it can destroy the transport highways of microtubules, so that as a result, real traffic jams will appear in the cell, preventing the molecular load from reaching the right place. As a result, the balance of ions between the external and internal environment will be disturbed in the axon. And we know that ionic imbalance is a signal that something is wrong with the cell, and in this case, the mechanisms of cell suicide are triggered in it: proteins that destroy membranes, organelles, etc. are activated.

After injury (which left the cell intact), the axons of female neurons swelled more and signaling pathways associated with calcium ions were more disturbed in them (and calcium ions play a big role when the cell decides whether to turn on the program of self-destruction or not).

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