What people used complex lenses a thousand years ago? Detailed answer

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What people used complex lenses a thousand years ago? Detailed answer

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What people used complex lenses a thousand years ago?

In a hoard buried about a thousand years ago by the Vikings on the Swedish island of Gotland, lenses of a complex aspherical shape made of rock crystal were found. René Descartes calculated this form of lenses only in the 17th century, but he was never able to make them.

Authors: Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

What causes a stomach ulcer?

No stress and no spicy food.

Despite decades of medical assurances to the contrary, the cause of a stomach or intestinal ulcer is not stress or lifestyle, but the most ordinary bacteria.

Peptic ulcer is a fairly common phenomenon even today: it affects every tenth inhabitant of the Earth. Ulcers are painful and potentially fatal. Napoleon and James Joyce both died of complications related to stomach ulcers.

In the early 1980s, two Australian pathologists, Barry Marshall and Robin Warren, drew attention to a previously unidentified bacterium that was present in the lower stomachs of people suffering from ulcers or gastritis. Scientists cultivated an unknown bacterium, gave it a name (Helicobacter pylori) and began experiments. It turned out that it was worth destroying the bacteria - as the ulcers immediately healed.

However, even today, many continue to stubbornly believe that peptic ulcer disease is caused by stress. Doctors explain it this way: they say that a stressful state leads to an outflow of blood from the stomach, as a result of which the productivity of its protective mucous membrane decreases. Over time, the tissue under the mucosa is corroded by acidic gastric juice and here you are, hello, please, an ulcer.

Marshall and Warren's suggestion that a general physiological condition could be an infectious disease, just like a blister or a bruise, was truly unprecedented in modern medicine.

Then Marshall decides to conduct an experiment on himself. He drank a full cup of bacteria and soon fell ill with a severe attack of gastritis. The scientist tested himself for the presence of bacteria - his stomach was literally teeming with them - and then recovered by taking a course of antibiotics according to a scheme specially developed by him. The medical community was put to shame.

In 2005, the foresight and fortitude of Marshall and Warren were appreciated: scientists became Nobel Prize winners in medicine.

Helicobacter pylori is present in the body of half of the world's population - and almost everyone in developing countries. In the human body, these bacteria, as a rule, enter in early childhood and can exist in our stomachs all our lives. However, only in 10-15% of cases, infection with Helicobacter pylori leads to an ulcer.

We still do not know why this happens, but we know how to deal with it.

Test your knowledge! Did you know...

▪ When was bread first baked?

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