What is the original meaning of the expression The exception proves the rule? Detailed answer

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What is the original meaning of the expression The exception proves the rule? Detailed answer

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What is the original meaning of the expression The exception proves the rule?

The expression "the exception proves the rule" is used in most cases in a completely different sense from the original. The phrase is of Latin origin: "Exceptio probat regulam in casibus non exceptis", first used by the ancient Roman orator Cicero. In translation, it is the second part of the phrase that is important: the exception confirms the existence of a general rule where these exceptions are not specified. For example, a road sign that reads "No parking on Sundays" implies a rule that allows parking on all other days.

Authors: Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger

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Who are the Incas?

At least 400 years before the discovery of America by Columbus, the Inca civilization existed there. The lands where the Incas lived included the territories of such modern countries as Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, as well as parts of Argentina and Chile. The capital of the Inca Empire was Cusco, the sacred city of the Sun. For the Incas themselves, who did not know about the existence of other countries and continents, Cuzco was the center of the world, and caravans with grain, silver, gold, beautiful fabrics and fresh green coca leaves were drawn to it from all parts of the empire.

The Incas were harsh but fair rulers. They allowed the peoples and tribes they conquered to preserve their customs and traditions.

The main unit of their society was the family. Each group of 20 families had its own leader. He was subordinate to another, who already headed 50 families, and so on, up to the Supreme Inca, the ruler of the empire. The social structure of the Inca empire was such that everyone, without exception, worked in it, except for the oldest and youngest inhabitants. Each family owned a plot of land that they had to cultivate. People themselves wove their own clothes, made shoes or sandals for themselves, dishes, jewelry made of silver and gold. The inhabitants of the empire did not have personal freedom: the rulers decided what clothes people had to wear, what to eat and how and where to work.

It should be noted that the Incas were excellent farmers and grew many valuable crops. They managed to build grandiose aqueducts to irrigate their fields with water from swift mountain streams. Many of the buildings once erected by the Incas are still standing today. They also built many unusual bridges from vines and willow twigs woven into thick ropes.

These people were also born weavers and potters. They wove such fine fabrics from cotton that the Spanish conquerors thought it was silk. The Incas still knew how to spin beautiful and warm clothes from wool.

After many centuries of prosperity, the Inca empire split into two parts, ruled by half-blood brothers who fought with each other. As a result, the Incas were unable to resist the invasion of the few, but much better armed Spanish conquistadors compared to them, and their empire was captured and destroyed.

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Sleepy cows give sleeping milk 15.12.2015

Milk milked at night helps against insomnia and obsessive anxiety. Korean researchers compared the behavior of rats fed day milk with those fed night milk. It has been found that night milk has a great calming, sedative effect, that after it the animals sleep longer and are less prone to physical activity.

On the other hand, being awake, they explore new territories more actively, which indicates reduced anxiety - roughly speaking, after nightly milk, the rats began to be less afraid. The effect was the same as after diazepam, a well-known sedative and hypnotic drug. (At the same time, milk was given after processing: it was first turned into a powder form, and then the milk powder was diluted with water.)

Day milk can also work as a relaxing agent, but to a lesser extent than night milk. For example, when rats fed day or night milk, or a solution of diazepam, or just water, were placed on a rotating drum and the activity and coordination of movements of rodents were observed, then after night milk rats fell off the drum twice as often as after day milk. (In turn, after diazepam, animals fell off the device twice as often as after night milk.)

A comparative biochemical analysis showed that night milk contains 24% more amino acid tryptophan, which stimulates sleep, and 10 times more of the hormone melatonin, which regulates circadian rhythms, compared to day milk. Obviously, the sleepy state of cows also affects the composition of the milk that they produce at night. On the other hand, according to electroencephalography, there was nothing unusual in the rhythms of the brain after night milk, while characteristic anomalies arose from diazepam, reflecting the sedative effect of the drug.

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