Video Effects Dictionary: 1. Video Art

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Video effects dictionary

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video effects, digital video effects (DVE), digital (post) production effects - The general name of the methods of geometric transformations of the original television image and its position on the screen, carried out digitally in order to simulate a change in the shape and position on a plane or in three-dimensional space of natural or virtual (in digital video synthesis) transmission objects
butterfly, bowtie - Curvilinear video effect that creates the illusion of a flat image twisting, resulting in a shape resembling a bow tie
glass, wine glass (square or round) - Curvilinear video effect that creates the illusion of an image being displayed on the surface of a round or square wine glass
bottle - Curvilinear video effect that creates the illusion of displaying an image on the surface of a round bottle
vertical push, scroll, push up, push down - A video effect that creates the illusion that one frame of a television image is pushed off the screen by another in the direction from top to bottom or from bottom to top
explosion - A video effect that creates the illusion of an explosion-like collapse of a television image into very small parts that scatter in different directions and disappear from the screen
wave, water effect - Curvilinear video effect that creates the illusion of a television image displayed on the surface of turbulent water (for example, with diverging circular waves)
spin, rotational (rotator) effect - Video effect that creates the illusion of rotation of the image around the Z axis (similar to the rotation of a carousel)
departure, fly - Video effect that creates the illusion of an image appearing from a distant point with its progressive increase
gallery - Video effect that creates the illusion of perspective display of a sequence of the same image with a progressive reduction in size
horizontal extrusion, push-pull-wipe, push - A video effect that creates the illusion that one frame of a television image is pushed off the screen by another in the direction from left to right or vice versa
dynamic zoom, zoom - Video effect that creates the illusion of a smooth dynamic reduction or increase in the size of the image of the object
crushing, shatter - A set of video effects "shards" and "tiles"
mirror, mirror effect - Video effect that mirrors the left (right) or top (bottom) half of the TV picture or the entire picture
warp, wrap -General name for video effects associated with the curvature of a flat television image
cone - Curvilinear video effect that creates the illusion of displaying an image on the surface of a cone
edge swing, hinge swing - Video effect that creates the illusion of rotating the entire TV image around its edge (left, right, top or bottom)
curvilinear video effects, curvi-linear effects - The general name of video effects associated with the display of a flat image on the surface of a three-dimensional geometric figure or on a wavy surface
cube - A curved video effect that creates the illusion of multiple images being displayed on the faces of a cube rotating in XNUMXD space
somersault, flip, tumble - Video effect that creates the illusion of rotation of the image around the x-axis
scaling, scale changing, scaling - Video effect that creates the illusion of resizing the image
centipede, centipede trail - Video effect that provides the formation of a combined image of a worm-shaped form in the form of a continuous series of stored image frames of a small object (for example, a ball) moving in three-dimensional space
mosaic - A video effect that coarsens image elements and averages the color within this element, and thus creates the effect of an image composed of rectangular single-color pieces
coarsening, posterization - A video effect that provides a significant reduction in the number of gradations of brightness and color of a television image, accompanied by enlargement of image elements and the appearance of false contours
fragments, small tile shatter - A video effect that creates the illusion of either breaking up a television image into very small parts that scatter in different directions and disappear from the screen, or composing a television image from such parts that appear from different sides of the screen
reversal, turn -Video effect that creates the illusion of rotation of the image around the Y axis
flipping, flipover, page turn - Video effect that allows you to change images by "swiping" the current image and opening a view of the next image
movement - Video effect that displays a thumbnail image at an arbitrary point on the screen
perspective - Video effect that creates the illusion of a three-dimensional television image
pyramid - Curvilinear video effect that creates the illusion of displaying an image on the surface of the pyramid
tiles, large tile shatter - A video effect that creates the illusion of either disintegrating a television image into sufficiently large squares (on which parts of the image are visible), or composing a television image from such parts that appear from different sides of the screen
corner positioning, corner-pinning -Video effect that allows you to position the image within any given boundaries by positioning the corners of the image on the reference points (for example, fitting the image into the TV screen, shot at an angle)
wiggle, wobble - A video effect that simulates positional fluctuations in the image of an object when viewed from an unstable point (for example, from a rocking boat) or simulates the perception of the environment by a tipsy person
split sphere, two channel sphere - A kind of video effect "sphere" with the division of the surface of the sphere into two parts, which display two independent images
stretch, expand - Video effect that creates the illusion of intentionally distorting the shape of an object by increasing its size only horizontally or only vertically
compression - Video effect that creates the illusion of intentionally distorting the shape of an object by reducing its size only horizontally or only vertically
twist, scroll - A video effect that creates the illusion that the edges of a flat, rectangular image presented in perspective projection are curled up
teardrop -Curved video effect that creates the illusion of overlaying an image on a closed surface shaped like a falling teardrop
solarization - A video effect that mimics the photographic solarization effect, which inverts the polarity of the image in the brightest areas and shadows
strobe (effect), image trail, action track - Video effect that provides the formation of a combined image in the form of a sequence of a number of rather rare stored image frames in order to indicate the trajectory of its movement
sphere - Curvilinear video effect that creates the illusion of displaying an image on the surface of a sphere
torus - Curvilinear video effect that creates the illusion of displaying an image on the surface of a torus
three-dimensional positioning, 3D positioning - Video effect that creates the illusion of moving the image to an arbitrary point in three-dimensional space
flag - Curvilinear video effect that creates the illusion of a television image being displayed on the surface of a waving flag
train, star trail, sparkle trail - Video effect that provides the formation of a sparkling "star trail" behind the image of a moving object
3-D shape, 3-D model, solid model, solid object -Geometrically correct or arbitrary virtual shape used when performing curvilinear video effects (for example, a cube, a cylinder, a cone, etc.)
barrel roll - Curvilinear video effect that creates the illusion of rollback (along the z-axis) of a cylindrical body, on the surface of which the image is located
cylinder - Curvilinear video effect that creates the illusion of a flat image being rolled up into a cylinder
colored trail - Video effect that provides the formation of a relatively short color trail (arbitrary color) behind a moving image
Continuous Polymorphic Transform (CPT), Continuous Polymorphic Transform (CPT) - Trade name of interframe fill method (CEL Electronics)
cropping - Limiting the size of the original television image in accordance with the requirements of the video effect being performed
curving flight path, curvi-linear motion - Curvilinear trajectory of the movement of the object when performing motion video effects
defocus (effect), blur, defocus - Video effect that creates the illusion of observing the transmission object through a defocusing medium (for example, fogged glass) or an unfocused optical system, as well as imitating drawings made by an airbrush
defocus shadow - Video effect that creates the illusion of a fuzzy shadow cast by the subject of transmission, and the position, density and density of the shadow can be adjusted
defocused trail - Video effect that provides the formation of a blurry trail behind the image of a moving object
drop shadow - Video effect that creates the illusion of a shadow cast by the subject of transmission, and the position and density of the shadow can be adjusted
enhanced star trail -A set of video effects "sparkling trail" and "blurred trail"
erode, erosion - A video effect that creates the illusion of a progressive disintegration of the television image into very small parts that fly apart and disappear from the screen, and the disintegration begins only on one side of it
flare -Curvilinear video effect that creates the illusion of glare on the surface of the formed curvilinear objects
glitter star trail, sparkle trail, star trail - Video effect that provides the formation of a sparkling "star trail" behind the image of a moving object
implode, internal explosion - Video effect that creates the illusion of explosive erosion of the internal area of the transmission object until it completely disintegrates
inbetweening (betweening, tweening), key frame interpolation, interframe padding - Formation of intermediate fields (frames in the case of progressive scan) of a television image by interpolating two or more reference frames
keyframe, key frame, keyframe, keyframe - A stored processed image frame that is formed when creating a video effect and is, as a rule, one of several main frames of the effect.
keyframe sequence -Limited sequence of keyframes of the executed video effect, referring to the same object or to different objects in case of turning effect
montage effect, keyframe effect, multifreeze (effect), editing video effect - Video effect that provides the formation of a combined image in the form of a series of stored reference frames of the object image, which can be displayed on the screen simultaneously or sequentially in time
morphing, metamorphose, shape to shape evolution, transformation, metamorphosis - A video effect that creates the illusion of a smooth transformation of a given object into an object of a different shape
mortice, nest - Video effect that reduces the size of a television image and displays it with a black or color border, where graphic information is entered (often used in advertising)
mosaic, rare. pixillation, tessellation, mosaic - Video effect that provides a mosaic display of a television image by significantly reducing the number of its elements
motion blur, motion smear, blurring, smear -Video effect that sharply reduces the clarity of the image of a moving object
moving effects, motion video effects -The general name of video effects with imitation of the movement of an object along a given trajectory in three-dimensional space
multi-image, rare mosaic, split screen - A video effect that allows multiple frames of the same or different reduced size TV images to be displayed simultaneously or alternately
rainbow trail - Video effect that provides the formation of a loop with a cyclic change in the colors of the rainbow behind the image of a moving object
random decay trail, foam plume - Video effect that provides the formation of a relatively short trail behind the image of a moving object, the elements of which disappear in a chaotic manner
cigar, cigar - Curvilinear video effect that creates the illusion of a flat image rolling up into a cigar-shaped object
skew, skew -Video effect that skews the original television image in the desired direction (parallelogram)
soft star trail, blurry train - Video effect that provides the formation of a blurry "star trail" behind the image of a moving object
star-filled shadow - Video effect that creates the illusion of a shadow from the subject of transmission, filled with sparkling stars
TCB (Tension, continuity, bias) path, arbitrary path - Curvilinear trajectory of object movement when performing motion video effects with arbitrarily chosen parameters "stretch" (defines the length of the so-called stretch vector), "continuity" (defines the current angle of the trajectory) and "offset" (defines the tendency of the current deviation of the trajectory: closer to the previous reference frame or closer to the next)
venetion blinds, blinds, blinds -A cut video effect that provides a mixer transition to the next TV image, displayed as a collection of vertical bars, between which the previous picture's vertical bars are displayed
water ripple, rare Kurl effect (Grass Valley Group), circles - Curvilinear video effect that creates the illusion of a television image displayed on a water surface with circular waves, as well as simulating a stunt filming through oil
wind trail, movable train - A video effect that provides the formation of a long trail behind the image of a moving object, which, as it were, is blown away by the wind away from the motion trajectory
zooming - Video effect for smooth dynamic resizing of the TV picture

Some computer graphics terms

Abekas - a company that produces equipment for video graphics. See A-53, A-60, A-62, A-64.
Academy Leader - standard rakkord.
Access time - (reading time). The time it takes for the system to play the retrieved data. It is the sum of physical read time and system technical timeouts.
Acoustic couple - (acoustic adapter) A device that allows you to connect a computer modem through the handset of any telephone. See MODEM.
Acme Punch - "cut" (animation).
ADO - AMPEX video effects system. See DVE.
A-53 - Abekas video effects system. See. DVE.
A-60 - a device for recording digital component (class D1) signal on video discs from Abekas. Recordings on 25 or 50 second random read discs can be played back in real time, fast or slow in both directions and frame by frame. Thanks to its input class (D1, component) and compatibility with ETHERNET network products, it is the best (and most expensive) choice for recording the highest quality XNUMXD and XNUMXD graphics.
A-62 - a device for recording digital composite (class D2) signal on video discs manufactured by Abekas. Like the A-60, it can play back in real time, speed up or slow down in both directions and frame by frame, and also has a "linear overlay" that allows you to create complex "layered" video effects with virtually no copy loss. Since the recording is in the form of an 8-bit composite (D2) signal, the image may have "streaks" or "steps" at the edges of close illumination levels. The A-60 (and A-64) are significantly better in this regard, as they use 8-bit component notation (class D1).
A-64 - version of the device A-62 with recording class D1.
Aerial Image - "combi". A very flexible image processing technology, in which the image on the film is re-shot with the overlay of banners on a cartoon machine.
airbrushing - a drawing applied with an aerator (sprayer). In video graphics, it is one of the "menu" items, although not all systems allow you to achieve a realistic imitation of this method of applying paint.
Algorithm - algorithm, list of instructions for calculation. Computer programs are systems of algorithms.
Alias is a 3D animation program from Alias Research Corporation. See XNUMXD, three-dimensional computer graphics.
Aliasing - (aliasing?). An effect in which "steps" appear on diagonal lines and "rectifications" at small radii. Due to frequency limitations within electronic devices and the linear nature of the television picture.
Alphabet length - (font width?). The length of a string of all alphabetic characters in a given font, expressed in spades or points.
Alphanumeric is a character set of a font that includes both letters and numbers. The full font also includes special characters and punctuation.
Analog - analog. An analog device uses a physical quality, such as a length or magnitude of voltage, to express an arithmetic value. A wooden ruler, for example, is an analog device on which arithmetic values are represented as segments of a tree of a certain length.
Analog Input - analog input signal. A continuously changing set (for example, the position of a joystick lever), which the computer translates into digital values in order to subsequently process it in the program.
analog output - analog input signal. Voltage, or other physical characteristic of the signal that is produced by the computer, proportional to the arithmetic value received as the output of the program. A robotic arm that is controlled by a computer is a good example of analog output. Another example is a music synthesizer.
analog video - standard video signal, can be either component (RGR; Y, RY, BY; Y, C) or composite, in one of the common formats (NTSC; PAL; SECAM). Component video is used by most professional video equipment (Betacam, M2, 3/4 inch, sometimes VHS, Super VHS, 8mm). Most graphics systems have a component analog video output. Composite video has been used since the very invention of video recording, due to the ease of switching video systems, the exchange of images between formats and the simplicity of electronic circuits.
animated - "incomplete" animation. "Stripped" version of an advertising or other television clip using the simplest electronic digital effects. Animation in this case is extremely limited, often achieved by panning and cropping storyboard pictures to give the illusion of a montage.
Animation - animation. The art, technique and technology of creating the illusion of movement in drawings or ordinary objects. See Frame-by-Frame, Relays, and other topics related to animation.
Animation Camera - See "Multstanok".
Animation, Character - character animation. Animation of specific anthropomorphic characters.
Animation, Clay - plasticine animation. Achieved by frame-by-frame shooting of plastic objects with modification in between. Although this technique was originally used in Russia, the term "Claymation" is patented by the Will Vinton Association in Oregon.
Animation Limited - "rough" animation. Usually done with a frequency of more than two frames per movement phase. The movements look jerky and unrealistic.
Animation, Multi-Layering - "layout" animation See Multi-Layering.
Animation, Object - frame by frame animation. Frame-by-frame shooting of real XNUMXD objects.
Animation, Puppet - puppet animation.
Animation, Stop Motion - time-lapse photography. Commonly used to animate still objects, "self-drawn" images and puppets. To achieve a comic effect, it can be used when shooting people. The disadvantage of this technique is that each frame is excessively sharp, without the "blur" that is typical when shooting real movement.
Animation, 2D - two-dimensional animation. Usually done with DVE and electronic drawing systems, now improved by using electronic composition tools.
Animation, 2.5D - animation "two and a half" or "hybrid". XNUMXD animation with simulated XNUMXD perspective. Uses "layered" object movement, where "distant" objects move slower than "close" ones.
Animation, 3D - XNUMXD animation. Usually this is an image made using a XNUMXD animation system. Reproduces realistic XNUMXD objects in a real XNUMXD environment where the artist has complete control over the lighting, movement and texture of the objects.
AnimationPath - the trajectory of the animated object.
Animation stand - cartoon machine. A device for taking pictures, consisting of a table and a camera directed at it, which can move on vertical racks. In modern cartooning machines, the position of the drawing, camera movement and exposure are controlled by a computer.
animatronics - animatronics. Mechanisms located inside the doll, usually consisting of cables and radio-controlled electric motors, with the help of which eye movements, head turns, etc. are carried out.
Anti-Aliasing - a process used in computer graphics devices and character generators to remove "aliasing" - "ladders" on diagonal lines and radii.
Armature - fittings. Articulated or wire skeleton inside the doll.
Artifact - slight distortion at the junction of color fields, characteristic of NTSC systems, a television standard adopted in the United States.
Ascender - ascender. The part of a capital letter that extends beyond the top of the font, e.g. "b", "f."
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) - a standard table in which each letter of the alphabet, number or other character is assigned a specific numeric code. All computers use this standard.
Aspect Ratio - format (screen). The normal section of the TV screen, that is, the ratio of height to width is 3:4.
Avid Media Composer - See "Nonlinear Editing"
background - background. Usually, a substrate for banners.
Bar sheet - "accordion". Recording the location of the sounds of the phonogram relative to the frames of the cartoon.
Baud - baud. A unit of measure for the rate at which data is transferred between devices. A text transmission rate of 300 baud means approximately 30 characters per second.
Bidirectional printer - a printer with a working "reverse stroke". Allows higher print speeds, as it does not waste time on unproductive idling of the carriage when returning to the left position.
Bit Mapping - "bit mapping". A technique for creating an image on a screen that determines the luminosity of each pixel. Each pixel has its own value ("bit"), which describes its luminosity, adding up on the screen into zones of different brightness.
Blue Screen - "blue screen". A technique in which the subject is photographed against a background of a bright blue field. The blue color is then photographically or electronically replaced with a background image ("chroma-key" effect), so that it appears that the original subject was shot against this background.
Border - contour or "bypass". A visible border around an object or letter on the screen. Can be created with a character generator, digital effects, or just a remote control.
B - "brush". A method of applying pigment to a plane, both in electronic graphics and in life. In electronic devices, the width, texture, softness and transparency of the "brush" is adjustable.
B Spline - a method of describing surfaces in some systems of three-dimensional animation. Represents a curve marked with "control points" (CV). Buffer - buffer. An intermediate store of information when moving it between elements of the system. This is usually a zone in the computer's memory, but it can also be a hardware area, such as a disk or magnetic tape.
Bug - "bug", an error. Hardware "bug" - a malfunction or miscalculation in the design of an electronic device. A software "bug" is a hindrance in the algorithm of an instruction.
bump mapping A technique in XNUMXD computer animation that mimics the elasticity of a surface.
Bus (Buss) - "tire". A channel for the movement of information within a computer.
Byte - byte. From a technical point of view - 8 bits (less often - a different number). Practically, "byte" is an arithmetic value in the range 0 to 256.
cap height - the height of the capital letter of the font.
centered dot - "bullet", a dot character of any size, located, as it were, in the center of the capital letter "x" of the corresponding font.
CPU (Central processing unit) - the main processor.
CGI (Computer Generated Imagery) - This definition of computer generated images is usually applied to high-quality three-dimensional animation. The definition of "3D" is more often applied to less advanced animation products.
Character - a symbol (letter, number, punctuation mark, or their numeric expression).
character set - See "font".
chip - microchip. A small, usually half-centimeter-wide rectangle of silicone base, on which tens of thousands of semiconductor elements are located. This is achieved by introducing microscopic additives into silicone of certain chemicals that change its electrical properties, and metal contact plates.
Character Design - Creation of an animated character at the pre-shooting stage. Usually requires the production of a large number of sketches.
CG (Character Generator) - character generator. Apparatus for applying captions to a video image. Gives a large selection of sizes, fonts and colors of letters. Advanced devices allow the application of character movement and additional effects such as flickering, shading, and "development".
Chroma Creep - "spreading color". An image defect in which rich colors, especially vertical red lines, become "noisy". Characteristic of the video standard adopted in the United States (NTSC).
Chroma key - "chroma-key". The process of overlaying one video image onto another, replacing areas of a certain color with the new image.
Chrominance - chromaticity. Information about the colors of the video image, i.e. saturation and hue, but not brightness.
Claimation - See Animation (Clay).
color cycling - A limited form of animation in which a set of colors is cyclically given a certain shape. Used in animated charts such as forecaster charts, etc.
component video - component video signal. An image processing method in which the chrominance signal and the luminance signal are processed separately, either in analog or digital form. The quality of such processing is higher than with a composite signal. Betacam is an analog component unit, D1 is a digital component unit. US video standard - NTSC is an analog composite video signal, D2 is a digital composite method.
Composite Video - composite video signal. An image processing method in which the chrominance signal and the luminance signal are processed together, either in analog or digital form. The quality of such processing is lower than with a component signal. S-VHS and VHS formats are analog composite devices, D2 is a digital composite method. Betacam format is analog component video signal, D1 is digital component method.
composing - composition. Not to be confused with composite image. This term refers to the process of assembling finished graphics or animation from various elements, by editing from video tape recorders, video discs or the latest digital composition devices.
Controller - controller. A device that regulates the processes of input and output of information from various devices where it is stored.
CPI (Characters Per Inch) - a unit of recording density on magnetic tape, disk or any other digital media.
Cursor - cursor. A special character on the screen that marks the place where the character you enter from the keyboard will appear.
data bank - data bank. An array of stored information sorted or labeled so that any part of it can be accessed. Data base - database. A piece of information placed into storage in accordance with the requirements of the device. The term is usually applied to a compact "file" of information.
data transmission - data transfer. High speed data transfer via telephone line or other methods.
Decoder/Encoder - converts a composite NTSC or PAL signal into three components: Y, I, Q or vice versa.
Density - information density, shows the number of bytes of information that can be placed on a certain area of the carrier; for example, the density of magnetic tape is typically 800 bytes per inch. See "byte".
Descend - descender. The part of a letter that extends beyond the bottom of the font, such as in "y", "p", etc.
Digital - digital. Information that is represented by a set of bits.
Digital Disc Recorder - "tapeless" video recorder that uses discs as a storage medium.
digital video - digital video. A term denoting a group of devices in which the video signal is recorded and processed in digital form. The digital signal can then be re-recorded any number of times without loss of quality, allowing graphics to be overlaid multiple times, which is not possible with analog processing. Two types of digital systems are currently in use: component (D1) and composite (D2). Both types exceed the capabilities of the corresponding analog systems. However, the D2 (i.e. composite) method records and processes the chrominance and luminance values of the image together, resulting in an amplitude resolution 50% lower than with the Dl method, i.e. in a component system that processes these two components of the video signal separately . D1 is cleaner and less prone to things like "bypass". The advantage of D2 machines is that they directly replace conventional film presses, work with existing consoles, and are easy to integrate with analog machines. Method D1 requires replacing mounting systems with component systems, which is expensive. The D2 method has spread for editing live broadcasts, while the Dl has become the standard for animation and digital graphics, due to the high quality of the resulting image.
digitize - "digitize" means to enter information into a computer. Video cameras, "electronic pencils" or any other analog or digital devices can be used as input devices.
Display - display, temporary visual reproduction of a computer output signal, for example, on a monitor.
Display Controller - a hardware-software unit that turns computer data into a continuous analog array, known as a "video signal".
DOS (Disk Operating System) - a set of instructions that provide computer access to a magnetic disk.
DPU - the hardware responsible for compressing and expanding the data stored in the screen buffer.
Drop Shadow - "hue", a shadow behind the object, which gives it the appearance of volume. Improves the "readability" of the image.
D2 - See "Digital Video"
DVE (Digital Video Effects) - devices that allow the operator to compress, stretch, rotate and flip a two-dimensional still or moving image, along a given trajectory and in a given rhythm. Most DVE devices manipulate XNUMXD images by rotating or moving them in XNUMXD space. Can be used to create simple XNUMXD shapes such as a cube, for example.
Run - execute an operator command or a program instruction. Execute a program or part of it.
Face - side in a polyhedral object. Many such planes determine the shape of an object in XNUMXD computer graphics.
Field - half frame. One of two interleaved sets of scan lines that, when paired, produce a television frame. The NTSC standard assumes scanning at a frequency of 60 fields per second, and the PAL format - 48 fields.
Field Animation - half-frame animation. This creates 60 (NTSC) or 48 (PAL) images per second - one for each field. This eliminates the stroboscopic effect when objects quickly cross the field of view, and gives a more realistic illusion of movement than frame-by-frame animation.
floppy disk - flexible disk, so called because it is made of flexible plastic, as opposed to metal "hard" disks.
flying spot scanner - a scanner with a movable reading spot. The image that has fallen into the light spot is read by the photosensor.
Font - font. A set of letters, numbers, punctuation, and auxiliary characters in a specific size, style, and density.
4:2:2 - a method in which a component video signal (Y, Cb, Cr, or (RY), (BY) is read in a ratio of 4 Y values to 2 Cr values and 2 Cb values. Method D1 is always based on a ratio of 4:2: 2.
4: 4: 4: 4 - a method in which a component video signal (Y, Cb, Cr, or (RY), (BY), is read in a ratio of 4:4:4. Another quadruple indicates the reading of an additional "key" signal. Many graphics systems operate on method 4:4:4:4.
FPS (Frames per second) - frames per second.
Fractals - fractal. A method developed by Dr. Benoit Mandelbrot, based on the fact that a fragment of a natural object looks like a whole object (tree branch, part of a rock like a whole mountain range, etc. In computer graphics, fractal geometry helps to create realistic images using a very small amount of information .
Frame - frame. Video image unit (1/24th of a second). It is formed from two half-frames, and to avoid the strobe effect, the animation must be done on half-frames.
frame animation - frame-by-frame animation. Computer animation designed to play at 24 frames per second (PAL). High quality television animation should be played at twice the frequency to avoid the strobe effect.
Frame buffer - image buffer. A device capable of storing information about one frame (two half-frames) of an image. This is the area in the computer's memory where the image is located during its processing.
Generation loss - loss of quality when rewriting, copying or processing. Particularly noticeable in the analog composite image, somewhat less so in the component one. Little appears in the D2 method, and is completely absent in systems based on D1.
Graphics - graphics, the general name for video images processed by a computer, including animation.
Hardware - the hardware of a computer device.
Head - head. A device for writing, reading, and erasing information on a storage device: for example, a small electromagnet that writes information onto a magnetic medium.
Header - "a cap". 1. A record containing general or classifying information for a subsequent group of records. 2. The initial part of the message, containing instructions on the delivery methods and the address of the message.
Swedish Hälso- och sjukvårdslagen (Hue, Saturation, Luminance) Color is an abbreviation for the general scheme of color reproduction technology. "Hue" gives the hue (red, green, deep), "saturation" shows the degree of whitening (red and pink) and "luminance" shows the total brightness of the field. Sometimes such a scheme is called "HSV".
IC (Integrated Circuit) - a microcircuit. An electronic device in which a plurality of semiconductors are combined into a single assembly.
In-between - completion between key phases in animation. In computer animation, it is done automatically. In classical animation, the artist draws the key phases of the movement and then the assistant "finishes" the sheets between the phases.
Interface - interface. 1. A device that allows two devices to interact with each other. 2. In a more general sense, any interaction between two parts of the system, for example, an operator with a computer.
Interpreter - an instruction that allows a computer to run programs written in a language other than the language of that computer.
Interpolation - interpolation. Finding the midpoint between two images in order to create an intermediate phase. For example, the interpolation between the image of an open and closed window would be a half-open window.
I / O (Input and/or Output) - input/output. Keyboard, floppy disk and printer are input/output devices.
Justification - alignment of the edge of the text by changing the amount of spaces between words.
kerning - kerning. Reduction of spaces between letters, in cases where their configuration allows it: LU, Te. Programs that perform kerning are stored in the memory of the character generator and can be connected at the operator's command.
Keyframe - the main phases of movement in animation. All other frames between them are "completions".
Keying - replacement of a part of the video image in the frame with another by electronic means.
Laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) - laser, intense source of monochrome radiation.
Letterspacing - additional spaces between letters in a string. Ligature - a ligature, combining two or more letters into one character.
light pen - light pencil. A tubular sensor with a photocell for reading the luminosity of certain points in the video image, for registering their coordinates by a computer and for subsequent processing.
Light Source - equipment for three-dimensional animation allows you to "choose the lighting" of the object, as if it existed in a real studio. The shape, direction, intensity and color of the beams can be adjusted and changed over time.
Linear Key - arbitrary substitution. Replacing some parts of the video image with others, using any component of the original image as an identification feature. The most advanced electronic displacement technology that allows you to create "transparent" effects such as smoke or shadows.
Luminance - brightness. The black and white part of the video signal. Does not carry any color information.
Luminance Key - brightness substitution. Replacing a part of a video image based on a certain field brightness. Gives a good quality replacement.
magnetic disk - a plastic or metal disk with a magnetic coating. Flexible plastic disks are called "floppy disks". Magnetic disks are capable of storing significant amounts of information.
magnetic storage - any device that uses magnetic recording and reading of information using disks, tapes, drums, cords, etc.
Play frames (CPU) is the main processing unit in a computer.
Mapping - mapping. See "Bump Mapping", "Reflection Mapping", "Texture Mapping".
Mat - mask. A white silhouette on a black background used to define the replacement area.
Memory - memory. The part of a computer responsible for storing information. See "ROM" and "RAM".
Menu - "menu". A set of working options.
Metamorphosis (morphing) - morphing. The process by which one object turns into another in real time.
Microprocessor - microprocessor. An electronic circuit that is capable of executing instructions and calculations.
minus letterspacing - reduction of normal spaces between letters in a string. Many character generators are able to reproduce touching or partially overlapping letters by reducing spaces.
mixing - a combination of two or more fonts and sizes on one line, word or block.
Modem (MODulator-DEModulator) - modem. An apparatus that connects computer communications through telephone lines. Converts digital information into audio signals (modulation) and vice versa (demodulation).
Motion Control - a computer system in which the movement of models along the X, Y, and Z axes, as well as the movements of the camera, crane, etc., are controlled by a computer and can be repeated exactly a large number of times. This makes it possible to turn one spaceship model into an entire squadron, to light up "windows" on a model of a city when simulating night shooting from a helicopter, and so on. The system was first used by Industrial Light & Magic while filming effects for the Star Wars movie.
Multi-Layering - translations. Overlaying banners of various parts of the animated drawing one on top of the other, sometimes up to a "depth" of several hundred. The highest quality is achieved only with electronic digital simulation of this method.
plywood - multiplex. Sequential or simultaneous transmission of two blocks of information over one channel.
Multi-Tasking - multitasking. The ability of a system to execute two or more programs at the same time.
Noise - "noise". Arbitrary variations in the signal that can make it difficult to transmit information, any electronic influence that interrupts the signal, such as "snow" on a TV screen.
Non Linear Editing - non-linear editing. Editing technology of a new generation, in which the installation is carried out on a computer. The image from video films, disks and graphics is digitized and stored on magnetic disks, and any frame can be called up at any time and in any sequence. Such equipment includes: Avid Media Composer, EMC2, E-Pix.
NTSC (National Television Systems Committee) - a television vision standard established in 1950 in the United States and Japan. It has 525 horizontal lines, which is lower than in Europe. One of the goals in introducing this standard was to extend the lifespan of black and white television.
OCR (Optical Character Recognition) is a process that allows a computer to "read" and recognize letters printed on paper.
Off-line - equipment not connected directly to the main console or computer.
Online - equipment connected directly to the main console or computer.
optical scanner (Visual Scanner) - scanner. An apparatus capable of optically reading printed or drawn information and transmitting it in digital or analog form.
outline characters - an outline font in which the letters consist of a silhouette without filling.
output - exit. Information obtained as a result of a process or output device of a machine.
PAL (Phase Alternating Line) is a 625 horizontal line video standard used in Europe.
Paintbox - equipment for electronic drawing of the company "Quantel".
paint system - equipment for electronic drawing. It consists of a graphic digitizer, an electronic "pencil", an image buffer and a computer with software. Allows you to draw, paint, make applications on video graphics, animations and retouch real video frames.
Range - palette. The set of shades of color used in the drawing.
Bread - panorama. Horizontal camera movement or its imitation by moving the background across the plane of the frame.
Parallel - synchronous. Two or more processes happening at the same time. The synchronous interface controls several independent signals at the same time.
Peripherals - periphery. A device capable of receiving or sending information to a computer. Typical peripheral devices are disk drives, printers, and modems. The devices for storing and moving information inside the computer and its main processor are not peripheral devices.
Persistence of vision - inertia of vision. The phenomenon of human visual perception, in which the image is perceived by the retina in a certain inertia. Without it, television, cinema and animation would be perceived as a collection of flickering still images.
Pike - peak. The basic unit of measure for printers. It is 12 points, or 0,166 inches.
PictureSafe (Time Safe) - centrozone. The part of the TV frame that will be played back on all TV receivers, regardless of the amount of loss at the edges.
pixel (PICture Element) - pixel. The smallest controllable area of the TV screen. The smaller the pixel, the higher the quality of the video image.
Point - point. The unit of measure for printers is 0,013837 inches. 12 points are equal to 1 spade, 6 spades are approximately equal to 1 inch.
point system - a system in which the font character size is determined in points, i.e. at 0,0138 inches. For convenience, there are 72 points in an inch.
Port (The Harbour District) - port. A place to connect peripherals to a computer.
Potentiometer - potentiometer. A variable resistor whose output is an adjustable fraction of the potential at its input.
ragged (unjustified) - text that is not justified at the edges. Text aligned on both edges is often referred to as "flush".
Raised initial (stick-up) - the effect in which the letter, usually the first in a paragraph, is "raised" above the main plane of the text.
RAM (Random Access Memory) - random access (read) memory. Computer RAM.
Raster - raster. Mask or trajectory of lines on the TV screen.
Raster Graphics - line graphics. The outputs of electronic drawing and animation systems are line graphics.
Raster scanner - raster scanner, a device that performs line scanning.
Ray Casting - inexpensive imitation of the "environment" effect
Ray Tracing - "environment" effect. A XNUMXD animation method that mimics what happens to a light beam as it leaves the source, bounces off an object, and hits the viewer, distorting and deflecting to fit a given "environment", such as "in water".
Real-Time - real time. Time of recording or playback of analog image as it will be presented on the screen. Unlike "real-time" video, XNUMXD animation is created on a frame-by-frame basis.
reflection mapping - in XNUMXD animation, drawing "reflections" of an object in planes, as if they were polished. An easy way to simulate an "environment" effect.
Render - elaboration, calculation. The process of building an image by a computer according to given parameters, by constructing planes that make up the faces of an object. The more detailed the image is in terms of textures, color shades and shapes, perspective effects and the number of shadows, the longer the processing time is.
Reversible display - a reversible screen that can display light characters on a dark background, or vice versa, at the direction of the operator. RGB (Red, Green, Blue) is an abbreviation for the color scheme of the video signal. The actual visible hue on the screen is determined by the ratio of the three primary colors.
(RY), (BY) - schematic representation of color difference signals specific to Betacam systems. The same is sometimes referred to as "Y, Cb, Cr". It is important not to confuse the "(RY),(BY)" scheme used in NTSC with the "YUV" scheme used in PAL format.
ringing - jitter of vertical colored stripes at the junction of color shades. Typical for NTSC format.
Roll - "drum" or "scroll". Movement of titles in the vertical direction at a readable speed.
ROM (Read-Only Memory) - memory available for reading only. The information recorded in it, usually, during the manufacture of the device, cannot be changed.
Rotation - rotation of an object around one of the three axes in space.
rotoscoping - rotoscope. Frame-by-frame retouching of a real image manually or using a computer to achieve various effects - from realistic to completely conventional. As it turned out recently, the method was patented and applied back in 1917 by Max Fleischer in the films "Popeye", "Betty Boop", "Koko the Clown" and others.
runaround - text located along the outer contour of an illustration or any other form.
SECAM - SEKAM. French video image standard.
Scale - scaling. Resizing a XNUMXD object without changing its position or orientation.
Scanner - scanner. An apparatus capable of distinguishing the presence or absence of information on a plane - a magnetic carrier, photographic emulsion, paper.
SFX - sound effects.
Shadow - shadow. Part of space shaded by a XNUMXD object. In computer graphics, a way to add realism to the volume in an image.
Smooth Shading A process in which a computer smoothes the angles of the planes of an object's faces and applies shadows.
SMPTE - 1. Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. 2. A kind of time code.
solid state - semiconductor. A family of electronic devices based on silicon technology, without the use of vacuum, incandescent or mechanical devices. Specular Highlight - highlight. A type of surface reflection with a high reflectance.
SPFX - special effects. I mean video special effects.
Spline - See "B-spline".
Squash and Stretch - exaggerated apparent mass response of the animated object to positive and negative acceleration. The term was coined by Disney Studios animators in 1930.
Stencil (frisket) - stencil. A method of overlapping areas of a drawing from the ingress of a certain pigment. Adopted in computer graphics from the usual lexicon of the artist.
Still Store is a method in which a large number of still patterns are stored on the hard disk, which can be called up at random.
Storage medium - a method of storing an image on a magnetic disk, in which digital information about a video frame is presented in the form of magnetic charges on the surface of the carrier.
storage (memory) - preservation. The ability of a computer system to record and store indefinitely information that can be called up as needed.
Storyboard - storyboard. Visual accompaniment to the script, showing the sequence of intended compositions for each frame. It is used in work with the customer with especially complex graphics.
strobing - strobe effect. Twitching when moving an object across the screen, when the movement does not have time to smooth out the inertia of vision, but looks like a series of stationary phases.
Stylus - needle. An electronic "pencil" used for drawing on a graphic digitizer or for commanding a computer.
Super - See "Keying"
Super Black (zero black, sync black) - absolute black. A level of brightness below normal black on a body screen, commonly used for hardware adjustments or a "blank" effect.
Surface - surface. The visible "shell" of a XNUMXD object. Electronic graphics systems allow you to choose the texture of surfaces: "granite", "wood", "gold", etc.
Switches - remote controller. A highly controllable console that allows the operator to mix and paste signals from various sources, overlay images and other effects.
Symbolics - a three-dimensional animation system using equipment from Symbolics Corporation.
System 10 - NEC video graphics equipment.
texture mapping - textured (surface) mapping. The ability of a XNUMXD animation system to "wrap" objects into images of certain textures. The real texture is superimposed on the given form, so that the latter appears to be "made" from the appropriate material: wood, stone, etc.
3D Computer Graphics System - system of three-dimensional computer graphics. A hardware-software complex that allows you to create three-dimensional objects in a three-dimensional environment, lighting and textures of these objects and determine their movement of these objects in space, in order to then transfer the finished images to a video tape frame-by-frame. If an electronic drawing system can be compared to a draftsman's tool, then a XNUMXD computer graphics system can be compared to a sculptor's tool.
throughput - "bandwidth" of the system, the amount of information that it can process per unit of time.
Tilt - vertical panorama, camera movement up or down.
Time Code - time code. An electronic method for accurately marking video image frames. Each frame is assigned a number expressed in hours, minutes, seconds and frames.
time safe - See "centrozone"
Toaster - See "Video Toaster".
Track - follow the object.
Travel Matte - wandering mask. See Matte
Truck - collision or "direct traveling". Camera movement towards the object.
type face - character style: bold, italic, etc. Not to be confused with "font".
Ultimate - an apparatus known for its ability to create high quality "masks", which allows you to enclose images of people, glass, smoke, etc. on any background without noticeable contour lines of the "mask".
Underlay - lining. Background banner. Vector - vector. In computer graphics, a line in a particular direction described by its start and end points.
vector graphics - vector drawing (model). Three-dimensional objects, indicated by "wireframe" lines.
Video Retouching - video retouching. Redrawing a captured video frame in order to "remove" unwanted objects: buildings, telephone poles, or to add something.
Video Toaster - "Toaster" by Newtek Corporation. An electronic editing system that can work with computers of various platforms: IBM, Amiga, Macintosh.
Visual scanner -Cm. "Optical scanner".
wash - a term for replacing or correcting the color of the selected object, without changing the overall color in the frame (for example, changing the color of a car).
wavefront - a XNUMXD animation system using software from Wavefront Corporation and hardware from Silicon Graphics Corporation
Width value table - a table indicating the width of each character in the selected font.
Window - "window". Part of the display that reflects a specific process.
Wipe - crowding out. A video effect used to transition from one frame to the next.
Wireframe Animation - "wireframe" animation. A three-dimensional model worked out in the form of vector lines indicating the shape of an object. This model has no shadows, colors and surface textures.
Write - record. Recording data to a storage device in a computer, to removable magnetic media, or to any other output device.
"X"-height - the height of capital letters. This refers to the height without ascenders and descenders.
"x"-height - the height of capital letters. This refers to the height without ascenders and descenders
XYZ Axis - XYZ axis. The main three axes of coordinates in space. The "X" axis shows the horizontal coordinates, the "Y" axis shows the vertical coordinates, the "Z" axis shows the depth.
Y, Cb, Cr - See "(RY),(BY)".
YUV Color - often erroneously used to refer to the difference between chrominance and luminance signals in video systems such as "Betacam". Actually, the term "YUV" refers to the signal difference in the European PAL standard. The correct notation for signal difference in the US NTSC system is "Y, Cb, Cr," often written in the form: "(RY),(BY)".
Zero Black - See "Super Black"
Zoom - zoom (zoom). Movement (or the illusion of movement) in the depth of the screen along the Z axis.

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Positive thinking strengthens the immune system 17.11.2021

A group of specialists from the University of Exeter and the University of Oxford (UK) concluded that positive thinking helps to strengthen the immune system.

Scientists conducted an experiment involving more than 135 people. They were divided: some of the volunteers listened to audio lectures on the need to develop positive thinking - to perceive life and the people around them more optimistically, kinder and more condescendingly. Another part of the volunteers listened to the arguments about why the attitude to everything should be as critical as possible.

Volunteers from different groups were measured heart rate and sweating - markers of psychological state. As a result, it turned out that the participants from the "positive thinking" group had their lower parameters, that is, they were more relaxed and less anxious. The level of production of anti-inflammatory components of the immune system in their bodies was also lower, which meant that there was no high risk of infection and disease for a person.

At the same time, the participants in the experiment, who listened to the need for a strict attitude to the world around them, demonstrated increased heart rate and increased sweating. According to doctors, such signs appear when there is a feeling of danger and insecurity, increased stress.

"Positive thinking significantly calms the heartbeat and strengthens the immune system, while negative thoughts have a negative impact not only on the psyche, but also on the physical condition of a person. When we learn not to react painfully to external threats, we strengthen our immunity, thereby increasing chances of recovery," the researchers said.

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