How can mushrooms change the weather in their habitats? Detailed answer

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How can mushrooms change the weather in their habitats? Detailed answer

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How can mushrooms change the weather in their habitats?

Usually, terrestrial fungi spread their spores in a passive mode - they are spread with the movement of air. However, in conditions of complete calm, mushrooms themselves can change the weather. Observations of oyster mushrooms and shiitake mushrooms with high-speed cameras and subsequent mathematical modeling showed that mushrooms emit water vapor, which creates convection currents due to air cooling. Such a miniature wind is able to pick up spores and move them some distance.

Authors: Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger

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Promising material for lithium-ion batteries 21.06.2013

Scientists at the Technical University of Munich have developed a material that paves the way for high-capacity, long-life batteries. Most importantly, this material is based on boron and silicon, which are cheap and available.

The material from which the electrodes of lithium-ion batteries are made is critical to the capacity of the battery. Until now, the negative electrode is usually made of graphite, the layers of which are capable of storing lithium atoms. However, the capacity of graphite is limited to accepting 1 lithium atom per 6 carbon atoms. In comparison, silicon can take up to 10 times more lithium, but unfortunately, during this process, silicon expands greatly, which drastically reduces such important characteristics of lithium-ion batteries as durability, the ability to quickly charge and deliver powerful current.

Looking for an alternative to pure silicon, German scientists synthesized special three-dimensional structures consisting of boron and silicon (LiBSi2). Like carbon atoms, boron and silicon atoms are connected in a special structure in the form of a tetrahedron, but unlike diamond, they form channels that can store lithium atoms.

An electrode based on this structure must be unique both in terms of capacity and strength. The last parameter is especially important, since lithium-ion batteries are quite fragile and sensitive to temperature changes and overheating. LiBSi2 electrodes are resistant to air, water and heat up to 800 degrees Celsius. So far, scientists have not yet determined exactly how many lithium atoms the new structure can store, and whether it will expand during charging. Nevertheless, the developers are confident that their new material will surpass silicon and, especially, graphite and will become an excellent raw material for the manufacture of new generation battery electrodes.

It should be noted that the Germans made their new type of electrode in the laboratory of Arizona State University, where it was possible to create a pressure of 100 atmospheres and a temperature of about 900 degrees Celsius. Thanks to this, it was possible to produce a "diamond" capable of holding lithium.

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