When did the Middle Ages start and end? Detailed answer

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When did the Middle Ages start and end? Detailed answer

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When did the Middle Ages start and end?

With the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD. e. "barbarian" states began to emerge on its territory. This date is considered the beginning of the Middle Ages. And it ended with the advent of the New Age, which is associated with the beginning of the English bourgeois revolution in 1640.

Author: Mendeleev V.A.

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Running shoes change the physiology of running 04.07.2016

Running shoes do some of the work for the runner's foot, but they put more strain on her muscles. This conclusion was made by scientists from the University of Queensland (Australia) led by Dr. Luke Kelly.

Evolution has adapted the human body to run - but on the ground, not on hard surfaces like asphalt. To run on them, we added a springy layer between the foot and the surface - the sole of running shoes. Obviously, they change the physiology of running, but how exactly? Until now, evolutionary biologists believed that running shoes unloaded the muscles of the foot, making them weaker and "lazy". The purpose of Dr. Kelly's study with colleagues was precisely to test this hypothesis.

To do this, they set up a series of experiments on 16 volunteers who ran on a treadmill (simulator), in the fabric of which pressure sensors were inserted. Other microsensors implanted in people's feet analyzed the work of their muscles. Thus, the scientists received comprehensive detailed information, on the basis of which they built a theoretical model of what happens with a bare foot and with a foot in a sneaker, while running on a hard surface.

It turned out that sneakers do do some of the work for the runner's foot: in those situations where the arch of the bare foot is completely flattened, the arch of the foot shod in sneakers drops only by 75%. However, at the same time, sneakers increase the load on the muscles.

“When the ligaments and muscles stretch during the lowering of the arch of the foot, they store energy like a stretching rubber band. Less compression means less stored energy. So I think the evolutionary biologists are essentially right, only in fact, as we first showed , the load on the muscles increases, and not vice versa," said Dr. Kelly.

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