When did the first paintings appear? Detailed answer

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When did the first paintings appear? Detailed answer

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When did the first paintings appear?

Many modern artists paint pictures in which they try to show the world around them. But in those days, when a person began to draw, he set himself only such a task. In the caves of primitive people who lived many thousands of years ago, rock paintings were discovered that very skillfully show animals. These drawings were made by people in Europe from the Stone Age. Many thousands of years ago, when the Egyptians created one of the first human civilizations, the drawings also reflected real life.

The Egyptians believed in an afterlife and therefore painted on the walls of their tombs everything that they met in life. There are images of men, women, children with animals, boats and other objects. The most artistically gifted people of all time, except perhaps the Chinese, were the ancient Greeks, who experienced the zenith of glory in the XNUMXth century BC. e. They set themselves the task of depicting life in sculpture, but life in a perfect or ideal form.

Christianity, which appeared in the Middle East, brought significant changes to art. The naturalism of ancient art was replaced by oriental styles with their flat patterns and symbolic images.

In the Middle Ages, approximately from the XNUMXth to the XNUMXth century, the art of fresco painting and book illustration developed. The fresco was applied with paint directly on wet plaster, so after drying, the picture was an inseparable whole with the wall. Illustrations for manuscripts or books were drawn by monks. They made intricate capital letters, drawings, and full-page illustrations.

Author: Likum A.

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How are television programs broadcast via satellites?

An artificial satellite is a man-made spacecraft orbiting the Earth. Such satellites are launched into space for various purposes. Satellites can vary in size from small to huge balls. They can weigh from a few kilograms to many tons. They can be of various shapes: in the form of a ball, a hatbox, a tin can, a water buoy and a cigar box. The orbits of some satellites pass only 176 kilometers from the Earth. Others rotate at a distance of 35 kilometers from it.

The orbit of the satellite is calculated by scientists in advance, depending on its purpose. All satellites require electrical energy for the normal functioning of the equipment installed on them. The main source of this energy is the Sun. On the surface of the satellites are mounted many solar panels that convert sunlight into electricity. From this electricity, the batteries of the satellite are charged.

Radio and television signals can be transmitted from continent to continent via communications satellites. Most communication satellites have receivers and transmitters. The receivers pick up radio and TV programs from ground stations. Electronic devices amplify television and radio broadcast signals. Transmitters then send these signals to distant ground stations, which may be on another continent.

An example of such a satellite is Telstar. Telstar 1 was launched in the United States in July 1962. It made possible direct television broadcasts between the United States and Europe. One type of communication satellite moves in a stationary orbit around the Earth at a distance of 35 kilometers.

It takes a satellite twenty-four hours to complete this orbit, the same time it takes the Earth to rotate on its axis. Therefore, it turns out that the satellite is always in the same place above the Earth. One of the satellites of this type was named "Early Bird". Due to the fact that its orbit is so high, it can transmit signals over very long distances.

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Researchers at the University of Glasgow in the UK and the University of Rovira and Virgilli in Spain have been able to turn individual molecules into transistors to store information.

Today, flash memory is used in almost every mobile device. Manufacturers are striving to meet the increasing demands of users for its volume. But soon they will face a limitation on the size of transistors, which cannot be less than 10 nm.

The essence of the new method is to create a cell from tungsten oxide molecules with a side length of about 1 nm. Inside this structure are placed two molecules of selenium trioxide, which in the normal state carry additional electrons and thus have a negative charge. By applying voltage with different polarity, the researchers were able to change the charge of the structure, in other words, its binary state.

The given state of the structure in laboratory conditions was maintained for at least 336 hours (that is, 14 days), which allowed the researchers to speak of the new memory as non-volatile.

"Using individual molecules will allow us to continue to scale down the process and, in theory, even overcome Moore's Law by learning to store multiple bits of data in a single molecule," project leader Lee Cronin, a professor at the University of Glasgow, told Wired.

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Meanwhile, some tasks before the creators of molecular memory still remain unresolved. This, in particular, concerns the speed of this type of memory. For example, it takes about 0,1 s to form the structure state, and 0,01 s to read the structure state. Both indicators are too high to speak of an effective commercial application.

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