How do we know what dinosaurs looked like? Detailed answer

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How do we know what dinosaurs looked like? Detailed answer

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How do we know what dinosaurs looked like?

Scientists claim that dinosaurs appeared on Earth 150 million years ago, and disappeared about 60 million years ago. Thus, they lived long before most of the existing species arose on the planet: dogs, hares, horses, monkeys and elephants, not to mention humans. Then how can we know anything about these giant lizards? There is only one source of all our knowledge about dinosaurs - fossils. That is, we judge the appearance and structure of animals by their remains. These fossils can be of various types.

The most common fossilized remains of solid body parts: bones, teeth and nails. By examining them, scientists are able, after a long, painstaking work, to restore the body of a dinosaur in its original form! Sometimes it is possible to find fossilized pieces of skin and tendons, which are of great interest to scientists.

There are fossilized footprints and tails of animals left by them on sand or clay. From these footprints, one can judge how dinosaurs moved - on two legs or on four.

The rarest fossils are dinosaur eggs. As you can see, we have ways to help establish, in particular, the size and appearance of the terrible lizards of antiquity, their habits and way of life. So, we know that the 20-meter brontosaurus lived in a swamp and ate exclusively plants. We also know that another dinosaur with sharp teeth and strong claws - the allosaurus - ate brontosaurs and other herbivorous dinosaurs. Scientists learned this by finding among the broken and badly scratched bones of a brontosaurus, a petrified tooth of an allosaurus!

Author: Likum A.

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

What are fats?

Fats are part of the organisms of plants and animals in a liquid or solid state. Most animal fats are in a solid state. Liquid fats are also called fatty oils. However, not all oils are fats.

Whether liquid or solid, fats share a common characteristic: they do not dissolve in water. Water does not even wet fats - it does not spread over the surface, but is collected in droplets. Fats are lighter than water: this is why fats and oils float on the surface of water.

The study of fats showed that they are all composed of three chemical elements: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Therefore, these are organic compounds. As a result of chemical reactions, fats decompose into components, one of which is always glycerol. The second component is "fatty acid". The different components of the fatty acid and lead to the presence of different types of fats and oils.

Fats do not dissolve in water, but dissolve well in other liquids, such as gasoline. Some of these liquids that remove grease stains are marketed as "stain removers".

If you boil fat with alkali, you get glycerin and soap. Soap is nothing but an alkaline salt of a fatty acid. This process is called "saponification". If the fat is shaken or treated with soapy water, the fat breaks down and forms a mass of bubbles, causing the water to become milky. This process is called "emulsification" and all fats can be emulsified.

Together with carbohydrates and proteins (proteins), fats belong to the three main types of human food. They are emulsified in the body and burned to produce energy. In terms of energy content, 30 grams of fat is equivalent to about 60 grams of carbohydrates or protein.

Both solid and liquid fats quickly deteriorate when exposed to air for a long time. They become "rancid", that is, they acquire an unpleasant taste and smell. This is because the fat breaks down and the fatty acid changes its chemical composition.

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Modern prostheses for legs provide good mobility for people deprived of limbs. However, all prostheses have one drawback - they make a person's gait unnatural. As a result, almost half of leg amputees experience difficulty walking each year, stumble and fall.

Now, researchers from the Mayo Clinic, in collaboration with scientists from the Michigan Technological University (USA), have taken an important step to solve this problem. They create bionic legs that feel like they move just like normal legs. During a walk, a person with an amputated leg will not notice discomfort, and others will not notice any features in the gait.

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The new prosthesis will not only improve walking agility, but will also make walking safer. After all, for many people with amputated legs, falls are a common occurrence. The bionic leg will reduce the chance of falling to a minimum.

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