How was pure crystalline iodine first obtained? Detailed answer

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How was pure crystalline iodine first obtained? Detailed answer

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How was pure crystalline iodine first obtained?

In 1811, the French chemist Bernard Courtois (1777-1838) drew attention to the fact that seaweed ash severely corrodes a copper boiler. He began to add various chemical reagents to it and in some cases observed the release of a violet vapor, which condensed in the form of dark shiny lamellar crystals.

Thus, pure crystalline iodine was isolated (I; from Greek ἰώδης - similar in color to violet, violet).

In 1813-1814 French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778-1850) and English chemist Humphry Davy (1778-1829) proved that iodine is a chemical element.

Author: Kondrashov A.P.

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How did the postal service originate?

Today we consider it quite common that the government takes care of the delivery of our letters and parcels. However, the very idea of creating such a public service developed very slowly.

In ancient times, the rulers of Persia and Rome carried out activities for the transmission of messages. But all this was done only to ensure the interests of state institutions. In the Middle Ages, merchant guilds, associations and some universities organized small courier services to support their activities.

It was not until the XNUMXth century that states began to establish permanent postal services. This was dictated by three main reasons. The first is to be able to check suspicious mail. The second is to create a source of income for the benefit of the state. The third is to provide services to the population.

In England, the state postal service originated under King Henry VIII. Over time, it has evolved further. In 1609, no one was allowed to deliver letters except government-authorized couriers. But in 1680, a London merchant organized his own private postal service, which served the city and the surrounding area. The initiative turned out to be successful, and this experience was applied throughout the country on a state basis.

This structure of the postal service existed until 1801. The entire postal system in England was changed in 1840. Postage stamps were introduced and uniform rates were established for the delivery of mail within the country. The cost of mail delivery depended only on its weight. Following the model and likeness of the British postal service, all other countries have created their services.

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