How long can a butterfly proboscis reach? Detailed answer

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How long can a butterfly proboscis reach? Detailed answer

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How long can a butterfly proboscis reach?

Botanists who discovered an orchid Angraecum sesquipedale on the island of Madagascar with an amazing depth of a corolla (25-30 centimeters) were perplexed: who pollinates such a plant? Charles Darwin suggested that this is done by a hawk hawk with a proboscis of the appropriate length.

In 1903 they found the "culprit" - hawk hawk Macrosila predicta. The subspecies was named predicta - "predicted". This butterfly still remains the champion in the length of the proboscis - up to 28 centimeters.

Author: Kondrashov A.P.

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Vulnerability of USB devices 09.08.2014

German experts have discovered a fundamental vulnerability in all USB devices. When a device is infected, the user will simply have to throw it away, since the malicious code will be located directly in the chip responsible for its operation. No antivirus can reach this controller.

Any USB device can become a hacker's tool: a mouse, a flash drive, a keyboard, an external hard drive, or even a smartphone connected via a USB interface. This is warned by Jakob Lell and Karsten Nohl, experts at the German consulting firm Security Research Labs.

According to experts, every USB peripheral includes a chip - an interface controller - that can be easily reflashed. There is no protection that could prevent this action.

After flashing the USB controller, an attacker can, for example, emulate a USB keyboard, then enter commands on behalf of the user and install malicious software, penetrate the network card in order to change the DNS so that all Internet traffic flows through the hacker's node, or launch a virus into the operating system right during the PC boot (provided that the compromised device is connected to it at that moment).

"To date, we do not have information about effective methods of protection against such attacks," - say Lel and Nol. The antivirus installed on the PC will never know that the controller firmware has been changed, because it simply does not have access to this chip. Firewalls that could block USB devices of a certain class do not yet exist. And even behavioral analysis technologies are not suitable in such a case, since emulation of another device will be perceived only as a device change by the user himself.

Experts believe that if the system is infected in this way, the problem will be very difficult to fix. Even reinstalling the OS will not help get rid of viruses, since they will be inside the controllers, and not on the hard drive with system files. The virus can also infect other devices that are connected to the PC via USB, such as a webcam or speaker system.

"After a PC is infected, all peripheral devices that are connected to it via a USB interface can never be trusted," the experts conclude.

At the Black Hat conference, which will be held in Las Vegas (USA), the researchers plan to present a report on the discovered new type of vulnerability.

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