Why do gene disorders appear only in males? Detailed answer

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Why do gene disorders appear only in males? Detailed answer

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Why do gene disorders appear only in males?

The hereditary information of an organism is contained in the chromosomes of its cells. Chromosomes are carriers of genes located in them (in a linear order). Each species of organisms has a unique and constant chromosome set. In somatic (non-sex) cells of higher plants and animals, the chromosome of each type is represented in a double number; a cell with two complete sets of chromosomes is called diploid.

Spermatozoa and eggs, in which each chromosome is represented only in the singular, are called haploid cells. The number of chromosomes in them is half that in somatic cells of the same organism. When an egg is fertilized by a sperm, the two haploid sets of chromosomes are combined, and thus their diploid number is restored.

About a century ago, one of the founders of genetics, Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866-1945) and his collaborators studied the mechanism of sex inheritance in Drosophila. They were able to find that the paired chromosomes of the females perfectly match each other, so all their eggs, receiving a chromosome from each pair, are identical. In males, in one of the four pairs, one of the chromosomes was normal (X-chromosome), and the other was shortened (Y-chromosome). This means that during the formation of spermatozoa, half of them receive the X chromosome, and the other half - the Y chromosome.

If a violation occurs in one of the female's genes located on the X chromosome, the paired gene corrects the situation. In males, this does not always happen, since the Y chromosome paired with the X chromosome contains much fewer genes. Therefore, gene disorders appear only in males.

Author: Kondrashov A.P.

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