What are physical binary stars and how are they distinguished by the way they are observed? Detailed answer

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What are physical binary stars and how are they distinguished by the way they are observed? Detailed answer

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What are physical binary stars and how are they distinguished by the way they are observed?

Until the XNUMXth century, it was believed that the duality of the stars is a consequence of their completely random arrangement, in which, although they are visible one close to the other, they are far from each other in space. However, at the beginning of the XNUMXth century, the English astronomer William Herschel discovered that some double stars are physically connected pairs. Such binary stars began to be called physical binaries (in contrast to optical binaries, which are not physically connected).

A physical binary star is a pair of stars that are close enough to each other in space and, obeying the law of universal gravitation, rotate around a common center of mass. Physical binaries are divided into three main classes: visual binaries, spectroscopic binaries, and eclipsing binaries.

This classification reflects not the essential difference between binary stars, but the ways in which they are defined (separated by their components). Visual binaries include all binary stars that can be directly separated into components (at least with the help of large telescopes).

Currently, more than 70 thousand visual double stars have been cataloged. Spectral binary stars cannot be seen separately using modern optical means. But their duality is revealed by periodic changes in their spectrum - shifts or separations of spectral lines. If both components of a binary star have the same brightness, and especially if they belong to the same spectral class, then the periodic bifurcation of the lines and their merging are especially clear. If the lines of the spectrum of only one component are visible, then they periodically oscillate around a certain average position.

The Doppler principle gives an exhaustive explanation for this: the shift and bifurcation of the lines occurs due to the orbital motion of the components around a common center of mass, and the plane of the orbit does not make a very large angle with the line of sight.

Currently, about 2500 spectroscopic binary stars are known. Eclipsing binaries are those stars in which the plane of the orbit of their components makes a sufficiently small angle with the observer's line of sight, as a result of which one star can completely or partially obscure the other for a while. More than 4000 eclipsing binary stars have already been discovered.

Author: Kondrashov A.P.

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