What substance is the most common in the world? Detailed answer

Free technical library

BIG ENCYCLOPEDIA FOR CHILDREN AND ADULTS
Free library / Directory / Big encyclopedia for children and adults

What substance is the most common in the world? Detailed answer

Big encyclopedia for children and adults

Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education

Comments on the article

Did you know?

What substance is the most common in the world?

a) Oxygen.
b) Carbon.
c) nitrogen.
d) water.

None of the above. Correct Answer: Perovskite is a mineral compound of magnesium, silicon and oxygen.

Perovskite makes up about half of the total mass of our planet. It is from it that the mantle of the Earth mainly consists. At least, scientists think so, but no one has yet been able to take samples confirming this hypothesis.

Perovskites are a family of minerals named after the Russian mineralogist Count Lev Perovsky in 1839. Perovskite is a veritable Holy Grail for superconductor researchers, as the material is capable of conducting electricity without any resistance at ordinary temperatures.

Thanks to perovskite, the world of "floating" trains and super-fast computers would become a reality. In the meantime, superconductors operate only at uselessly low temperatures (the highest officially recorded to date is minus 135 ° C).

In addition to perovskite, the Earth's mantle is believed to be composed of magnesium wustite (a form of magnesium oxide also found in meteorites) and a small amount of shistovite (named after Lev Shistov, a graduate student at Moscow University who synthesized a new form of silica under high pressure in 1959).

The mantle is located between the crust and the core of the Earth. It is supposed to be solid, although some scientists believe that the mantle is actually a very slow moving liquid.

How do we know all this? After all, even the stones erupted by volcanoes lay no deeper than 200 km from the Earth's surface, and exactly 660 km before the beginning of the lower mantle?

To estimate the density and temperature inside the planet, you can send seismic wave pulses down and record the resistance that these pulses had to face.

Further, the result obtained can be compared with our knowledge about the structure of minerals, samples of which we have - from the crust and meteorites - and about what happens to minerals under the influence of intense temperatures and high pressure.

However, all this - like many other things in natural science - is just another highly scientific guess.

Author: John Lloyd, John Mitchinson

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

Why were people afraid of eclipses in the past?

Solar and lunar eclipses have been familiar to man since ancient times. When a person did not yet know why these phenomena occur, the extinction of the Sun in broad daylight caused him panic fear.

The bright Sun shines in the blue sky, and gradually the sunlight begins to weaken. Damage appears on the right edge of the Sun. It slowly increases, and the solar disk takes the form of a sickle, bulging to the left. The darkness thickens. It's getting colder. The last ray of sunshine is extinguished. Everything plunges into darkness. The sky takes on a night look, the stars appear. In place of the extinguished Sun, a black disk is visible, surrounded by a silver-pearl radiance. Birds and animals fall silent. Unusual darkness lasts about five minutes, and now, from behind a black disk, the shining edge of the Sun appears on the right, bright rays flash. The stars are fading. All nature comes alive again. The sun takes the form of a sickle, but already turned in the other direction. The sickle increases, and after an hour everything is as usual in the sky.

In the eclipse of the Sun, ancient people saw the manifestation of unknown, supernatural forces. The ancient Chinese thought that this monstrous dragon was devouring the sun. They met the eclipse with the sounds of a gong, ringing of bells, shouting and playing musical instruments, singing prayers - they tried to drive away the monster. People believed that the eclipse was sent by God: it portends the end of the world, hunger and misfortune. In ancient chronicles, for example, in "The Tale of Igor's Campaign", an eclipse of the Sun is mentioned.

Lunar eclipses were also considered a bad omen: the ominous red color of the moon made people think of war, blood and death.

Science has revealed the true cause of these celestial phenomena, removed from them the veil of the mysterious and supernatural. During a solar eclipse, the Moon passes between the Earth and the Sun and hides it from us. During a lunar eclipse, the moon falls into the region of the shadow cast by the globe. During eclipses, astronomers make important scientific observations.

Test your knowledge! Did you know...

▪ What is athlete's foot?

▪ Where and when did coughing lead to charges and convictions?

▪ What voyages did Henry the Navigator become famous for?

See other articles Section Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

Machine for thinning flowers in gardens 02.05.2024

In modern agriculture, technological progress is developing aimed at increasing the efficiency of plant care processes. The innovative Florix flower thinning machine was presented in Italy, designed to optimize the harvesting stage. This tool is equipped with mobile arms, allowing it to be easily adapted to the needs of the garden. The operator can adjust the speed of the thin wires by controlling them from the tractor cab using a joystick. This approach significantly increases the efficiency of the flower thinning process, providing the possibility of individual adjustment to the specific conditions of the garden, as well as the variety and type of fruit grown in it. After testing the Florix machine for two years on various types of fruit, the results were very encouraging. Farmers such as Filiberto Montanari, who has used a Florix machine for several years, have reported a significant reduction in the time and labor required to thin flowers. ... >>

Advanced Infrared Microscope 02.05.2024

Microscopes play an important role in scientific research, allowing scientists to delve into structures and processes invisible to the eye. However, various microscopy methods have their limitations, and among them was the limitation of resolution when using the infrared range. But the latest achievements of Japanese researchers from the University of Tokyo open up new prospects for studying the microworld. Scientists from the University of Tokyo have unveiled a new microscope that will revolutionize the capabilities of infrared microscopy. This advanced instrument allows you to see the internal structures of living bacteria with amazing clarity on the nanometer scale. Typically, mid-infrared microscopes are limited by low resolution, but the latest development from Japanese researchers overcomes these limitations. According to scientists, the developed microscope allows creating images with a resolution of up to 120 nanometers, which is 30 times higher than the resolution of traditional microscopes. ... >>

Air trap for insects 01.05.2024

Agriculture is one of the key sectors of the economy, and pest control is an integral part of this process. A team of scientists from the Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Potato Research Institute (ICAR-CPRI), Shimla, has come up with an innovative solution to this problem - a wind-powered insect air trap. This device addresses the shortcomings of traditional pest control methods by providing real-time insect population data. The trap is powered entirely by wind energy, making it an environmentally friendly solution that requires no power. Its unique design allows monitoring of both harmful and beneficial insects, providing a complete overview of the population in any agricultural area. “By assessing target pests at the right time, we can take necessary measures to control both pests and diseases,” says Kapil ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Deep Learning Technology for Time Series Analysis 20.03.2016

Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd. announced the development of a deep learning technology capable of analyzing time series of data with high accuracy. In promising applications for the Internet of Things, time series of data can vary significantly, so identifying patterns in their change turns out to be a very difficult task for a person.

“Machine learning is a central technology of artificial intelligence. In recent years, all attention in this area has been focused on deep learning technology as a way to automatically extract characteristic values necessary for interpreting and evaluating phenomena,” the company noted. “Huge amounts of time series of data are collected from devices, especially in the era of the Internet of things. By applying deep learning to this data and classifying it with a high degree of accuracy, further analysis can be carried out with the prospect of creating new products and solutions and opening up new lines of business."

Hailed as a breakthrough in artificial intelligence, deep learning technology delivers highly accurate image and speech recognition, but is still only applicable to limited types of data, Fujitsu explained. In particular, until now it has been difficult to accurately classify automatically the volatile time series of data coming from devices connected to the Internet of things.

The company has developed a deep learning technology based on chaos theory and topology to automatically and accurately classify volatile time series data. This technology makes it possible to accurately process even complex temporal data with a large amplitude of changes.

The latest technology uses the following procedures for training and classification: graphical representation of time series data using chaos theory; quantitative description of diagrams using topology; training and classification using convolutional neural networks.

Other interesting news:

▪ Maya Pepper Cocoa

▪ New Kingmax memory cards record 4K2K video

▪ Router Netgear R6250, 802.11ac (5G Wi-Fi)

▪ The Polymer Diode Revolution Is Coming

▪ Platelets in an oil pipeline

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Metal detectors. Article selection

▪ article In the middle of nowhere. Popular expression

▪ article What artist liked to place reproductions of his other paintings on the walls of the depicted rooms? Detailed answer

▪ article Microcar Mouse. Personal transport

▪ article C-tester. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ Article Colored balls. Focus Secret

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews