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BOOKS AND ARTICLES
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Books and articles / And then came the inventor
Let's start with the hardest part. I will try to convince you that some inventive problems - real inventive problems, for the solution of which copyright certificates are issued - are within your power now. No theory is needed here, just simple intelligence is enough. Problem 2. THE CRACK TO... The girl was celebrating her birthday. One of the guests brought a large box of chocolates. The candies were made in the form of chocolate bottles filled with thick raspberry syrup. Everyone really liked these candies. One of the guests asked: - I wonder how bottles are made? “First they make a chocolate bottle, and then pour syrup into it,” explained another guest. - The syrup must be thick, otherwise the candy will turn out fragile. And thick syrup is difficult to pour into a bottle. You can, of course, heat the syrup, it will become more liquid. But here's the problem - the hot syrup will melt the chocolate bottle. We will gain in speed, lose in quality, there will be more defects... And then an inventor appeared. - I have an idea! - he exclaimed. - I know how to make such sweets quickly and without defects. The trick is to... And he explained everything. Indeed, sweets can be made very simply. Try to guess what the inventor suggested. This problem was published in Pionerskaya Pravda. Over a thousand letters came in response - and almost all of them contained the correct answer. You probably already guessed the trick: you need to pour the syrup into a mold, freeze it, and then dip it in chocolate. Chocolate covered ice is a real invention. It was made at the Institute of Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR. There is such a magazine - "Discoveries. Inventions". Instead, the name is usually said - bulletin of inventions. Formulas are published in the bulletin inventions registered in the Soviet Union. A claim is one phrase divided into two parts by the word “different.” What comes before this word was known before. And what is written after the word “different” is the essence of the invention. Descriptions of inventions are sometimes quite long. But at the end of the description there is a short claim. It’s very convenient: you can immediately see what happened before and what the inventor came up with. If you pick up any issue of the Invention Bulletin from the library and flip through it, you will come across quite a few inventions that you could probably make yourself. Here, for example, is copyright certificate No. 425 616: “A method for cooling canned food in rigid containers after heat treatment by partial immersion in water and simultaneous rotation, characterized in that, in order to increase the cooling efficiency, cold air is blown on cans immersed in water and rotated” . Hot tin cans are rolled down the inclined floor of a shallow pool: half the can in water, half above the water, so that the water evaporates, absorbing heat. The jars are cooled, but not enough. What should I do? The first thought that comes to mind is to blow. How to blow on a saucer of hot tea. Copyright certificate No. 425 616 was issued for this simple idea. Now imagine this picture. An electric welder works in a dark tunnel. When the electric arc is burning, the welding site is clearly visible. But what about when a welder prepares everything for work in the dark or adjusts a tool? I think the answer is obvious: you need to use a flashlight. After all, electric flashlights are mounted on pens, glasses, and helmets. Why not attach a flashlight to the welder's shield? And here is the copyright certificate No. 225 575: “A protective device for an electric welder, characterized in that, in order to improve working conditions when welding in dark places, a removable lighting fixture is installed on the left side of the welding shield.” In any issue of the newsletter, approximately 2-3% of inventions are the result of solving problems that are quite accessible to a schoolchild. These inventions can be made simply through ingenuity, even without the use of knowledge of physics and chemistry. Of course, these are small inventions. But - inventions! That is, the proposals are new and undoubtedly useful. Well, if you add at least a little knowledge to your ingenuity? Task 3. WHERE TO GET SUCH A POINT? In the center of the city there was an ancient tower on the square. And then one day there was a fear that the tower was settling. They organized a commission and instructed it to find out: is the tower sagging? The commission thought about it. Some fixed point is needed to check whether the tower is descending relative to this point. Where can I get such a point? Maybe the entire square and neighboring buildings are also settling? True, there is a park five hundred meters from the square. There are rocks in the park that probably won't settle. But from these rocks you can’t even see the tower; it is hidden by tall buildings. “It’s a difficult situation,” the chairman of the commission said thoughtfully. - Maybe we should contact the Academy of Sciences? And then an inventor appeared. - There is no need to bother academicians! - he said. - Open the physics textbook for the sixth grade and remember... And he explained exactly what to remember. And what do you think? You may have already guessed it. And if you didn’t guess, it doesn’t matter: flip through the physics textbook for the sixth grade and look for the section on communicating vessels. “The free surfaces of a liquid at rest in communicating vessels are at the same level,” as it is written in the textbook. Let's take two glass tubes, install one in a tower, the other on a rock, connect the tubes with a hose and fill the hose with water. In communicating vessels (tubes), the liquid will be established at the same level. Let's mark this level. If the tower settles, then after a few days the liquid in the “tower” tube will rise above the mark. An ingenious invention, isn't it? But it’s just sixth grade physics...
Now let's take a slightly more difficult task. Problem 4. A AND B SIT ON THE PIPE In the chemical laboratory, a plant was assembled to produce a new mineral fertilizer. Two liquids, let's call them A and B, were sprayed, turned into streams of small droplets, and droplets A went towards droplets B, connected, and the result was fertilizer AB. So, in any case, it should have been according to the proposals of the chemists. But when the installation was launched, it turned out that, in addition to AB droplets, they also produced completely unnecessary AA and BB droplets. “A and B were sitting on the pipe,” the chemist said sadly. - Maybe we can mix the liquids in advance? “No, you can’t mix before spraying,” answered another chemist. - I just don’t know what to do... And then an inventor appeared. “Take a seventh-grade physics textbook,” he said. - There you will find a rule that will help you solve the problem. What do you think: what rule was the inventor talking about? If you look through a seventh grade physics textbook, it is not difficult to find a simple rule: like charges repel each other, unlike charges attract each other. Let's charge droplets A positively and droplets B negatively. Then, when two flows meet, only AB droplets will appear. So, intelligence plus a little school physics - and approximately 5% of modern inventive tasks will be within your power. Well, what if we add knowledge of techniques to this? Every business has its own techniques; they also exist in solving inventive problems. In fact, we have already begun to get to know them. Remember the candy syrup problem? The inventor said: “The trick is to...” The trick is the trick. There were two tricks to the candy problem. First: the syrup was heated, but the inventor suggested doing the opposite - cooling the syrup and freezing it. Second: the piece of ice then melted, turning into syrup, that is, it changed its state of aggregation. In the problem that the Accountant was solving, a change in the state of aggregation also occurred: the ice melted, and the transformer gradually lowered to the ground. Many techniques are based on the use of physical effects and phenomena. But the technique differs from physical formulations in its focus on solving inventive problems. The physical formulation states: substances can change from one state to another. The technique clarifies: during such transitions, the physical properties change dramatically, and this can be used to solve inventive problems. “Do the opposite,” “use a change in the state of aggregation” are strong techniques. In any newsletter you can find inventions made with their help. Here, for example, is the claim of invention in copyright certificate No. 183122: “A method for unloading bulk raw sugar from containers, for example from sea tankers, characterized in that, in order to simplify and speed up the process, raw sugar is diluted with water and the resulting pulp is pumped.” Bulk cargo is difficult to remove from ship holds. The inventor proposed to turn the stubborn bulk cargo into a liquid that can be easily pumped during unloading. Another example is the claim in copyright certificate No. 489 938: “A method for restoring the flowability of frozen goods, characterized in that in order to speed up the process of restoring the flowability of materials and reducing labor intensity, the frozen material is exposed to ultra-low temperatures.” It’s winter, mineral fertilizers petrified by the cold lie on open railway platforms. How to unload such a train? They are trying to somehow heat the cargo, and this is very difficult, because there is a lot of cargo. And here the inventors used both techniques known to you: - it is necessary not to heat, but to cool (the “do the opposite” technique); -the load is doused with liquid nitrogen, which then turns into gas and disappears (the “change the state of aggregation” technique). Well, now the task with which you are sure to cope. Problem 5. THEY DISAPPEAR ON THEM! How to shake out sand that gets into a sippy cup inkwell? Foundry engineers faced approximately the same problem. Cast metal parts must be cleaned. To do this, use a jet of sand. The surface of the parts is cleaned, but grains of sand fall into the internal cavities and remain there. You don’t want to turn over heavy metal parts and shake sand out of them... - Maybe we can somehow close all the holes? - one engineer suggested hesitantly. “A lot of extra work,” sighed another. - But I don’t see any other way out. The grains of sand will not disappear on their own. And then an inventor appeared. - They will disappear on their own! - he said confidently. - To do this, you need to have grains of sand... What should be the grains of sand? And one more task. By the way, please note: the problems are from different fields of technology, but are solved using the same techniques. Task 6. HAVE A PATENT In a long rubber tube you need to very accurately make many holes with a diameter of 10 millimeters. It's actually not difficult to punch or drill holes. But rubber is flexible, under the tool it stretches, compresses, bends... It is very difficult to make holes of the required size. The master tried to burn holes with a hot rod, but the edges of the hole burned and crumbled. - Nothing works! - with annoyance exclaimed the master. - Cry... And then an inventor appeared. - Why cry? - he was surprised. - It’s all so simple! There is English patent No. 1263562, which proposes... What is proposed in this patent? You have become acquainted with two techniques, and there are about a hundred of them. Many of them are unexpected and witty. Yes, you will see this for yourself by reflecting on this problem: Task 7. OH, THESE DETECTIVES ... One foreign company bought sunflower oil from another and transported it in tank trucks with a capacity of 3000 liters. And then it turned out that every time the tank was missing 20-30 liters. We checked the measuring instruments - everything is in order. The seals on the filler hatch and the tightness of the tank are also in order. It was taken into account that several liters of oil could remain in the form of a film on the walls of the tank; but the shortage was much greater... An experienced detective was invited. And he found nothing: the car did not stop anywhere, the driver did not drain the oil from it. The detective threw up his hands in bewilderment... And then an inventor appeared. - Oh, these detectives! - he said. - It’s all so simple, you just need to think a little. And he explained what it was. What do you think? This problem was also published in Pionerskaya Pravda. Many letters arrived, more than a thousand. Not only schoolchildren wrote, but also students and engineers. The authors of two letters were police officers. A mountain of letters - and not a single correct answer! A detective could easily reveal the secret of an oil leak if he knew an inventive trick: what cannot be done now can be done in advance. It turns out that the driver had hung the bucket inside the empty tank in advance. When oil was poured into the tank, the bucket was also filled. Then the tank went to the factory, the oil was drained, and the driver calmly took out a bucket of oil.
The “do it in advance” technique is often used by inventors to solve a variety of problems. Take, for example, a purely medical problem. The plaster cast is sometimes very difficult to remove: you have to saw it slowly and carefully, trying not to touch the person’s body. The inventors found a way out: before applying a plaster cast, a rubber tube is placed on the body, inside of which there is a thin file. When the time comes to remove the bandage, the ends of the saw are clamped into a jigsaw and sawed the plaster from the bottom up, from the body to the outer surface of the bandage.
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