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BOOKS AND ARTICLES
MEET TECHNICAL CONFLICTS
Books and articles / And then came the inventor
Now you have three techniques in your arsenal, and it may seem to you that everything else is simple: you need to master a hundred techniques - and then not a single task is scary. Alas, everything is much more complicated. Let me explain this with an example. There are pipe welding mills with very high productivity. A roll of metal strip is installed in the workshop and, gradually unwinding it, the strip is fed into the mill. And from there, the finished pipe comes out at a speed of about 1 meter per second. Everything is fine, but the manufactured pipe must be cut. Let's say the length of each segment is ten meters. This means that you need to cut a ten-meter pipe in ten seconds. And not only cut off the pipe, but also return the cutting device (it will go ten meters along with the pipe) to its initial position. A cutting device similar to a circular saw is called a flying device. And in fact, the cutting disk “flies” back and forth at tremendous speed: you have to cut on the go, the pipe continuously leaves the mill. Look what happens. To cut quickly, you need a powerful cutting device. Such a device inevitably turns out to be heavy and bulky; It cuts quickly, but moves slowly. If you make the cutting device lighter, it will move quickly, but cut slowly. A vicious circle! Choose something in between? That's what they do. As a result, the “flying” knife does not cut well and does not move very quickly... You have to reduce the speed of pipe welding by one and a half to two times. It's a shame! You've probably already thought about the "make it ahead" technique. Indeed, cutting a tape is much easier than cutting a pipe: a quick blow of a knife and the tape is cut. But, alas, this does not solve the problem. Imagine a movie camera or tape recorder that runs on short pieces of tape. How much trouble will there be with refueling and adjustment! The high productivity of pipe welding machines is precisely achieved due to the continuity of the process; this cannot be abandoned. The problem could not be solved for a long time. At the cost of various tricks, the “flight” speed of the cutting devices was increased, but the accuracy immediately decreased - the pipes came out either longer or shorter. It was necessary to build complex electronic control systems: the accuracy increased, but the machine became expensive, capricious, and unreliable. Of course, eventually an inventor appeared. He suggested using two techniques at the same time: “do it in advance” and “do it a little less.” The essence of the second technique is that if some action cannot be carried out completely, it must be performed partially. That is, the tape should not be cut, but cut. If you pull the pipe harder after welding, it will separate on its own. A beautiful invention, isn't it? A "flying" cutting device is not needed at all. The pipe runs inside the electromagnet; a current pulse, a jerk - and the desired segment is separated... As you can see, the “trick” here is a combination of two techniques. Separately, these techniques do not achieve anything. And from a hundred techniques you can get ten thousand combinations of two techniques! If we take into account that there can be combinations of three, four, five techniques, then the number of “keys” to problems becomes almost limitless... And we return to the need to randomly sort out the options. Some techniques were known at the end of the last century. Inventors, psychologists, and various specialists provided lists, sometimes including up to twenty to thirty techniques. More than once it seemed that there was little left to do - add to the lists, classify techniques - and, please, you can solve any problems. But it turned out that single techniques are not used very often and the number of complex, compound, complex techniques is astronomically large. It was impossible to escape the trial and error method. But what if we approach the problem from the other side and try to understand where inventive tasks come from and what is an inventive task in general? Take, for example, the problem of cutting pipes. There was a technical system - a set of machines and devices for making pipes. One of the parts of this system, the welding mill, was improved and made more powerful. And a technical contradiction arose: the mill could weld at high speed, but the cutting device did not have time to cut the pipes. The higher the welding speed, the harder it is for the cutting device to work. We tried to remake this device, and again a technical contradiction arose: if you increase the power of the knife, you will gain in cutting speed, but you will lose in making the device heavier, and its movement will slow down. Technical systems, like living organisms, consist of interconnected parts. If you “just like that” increase one part of the system, this will negatively affect other parts of it. Therefore, inventive tasks always contain two requirements: it is necessary to improve some part (some property) of the system and at the same time not worsen its other parts (other properties) or the entire system as a whole. To make an invention means to overcome a technical contradiction. Problem 8. Rover on Mars One science fiction story describes an expedition to Mars. The spaceship sank into a valley with a very uneven surface: hills, holes, stones everywhere. The astronauts quickly equipped the all-terrain vehicle - wheeled, with large inflatable tires. But on the first steep slope the all-terrain vehicle overturned on its side. And then ... No, unfortunately, the inventor did not appear in the story. What do you think he would suggest? Please note that the astronauts did not have the opportunity to remake the all-terrain vehicle. This problem was also published in Pionerskaya Pravda. Most of the letters contained the following answer: “Hang a load under the bottom of the all-terrain vehicle. The center of gravity will be lower, the vehicle will be more stable.” Don't rush to put forward your idea, let's first evaluate other people's proposals. We now have a criterion for evaluation: is the technical contradiction overcome or not? A weight suspended under the bottom of the car will increase its stability. But at the same time, cross-country ability will worsen: the load will cling to protrusions in the soil and stones. Technical contradiction! There were other proposals: let the air out of the tires so that they sag by half; equip the all-terrain vehicle with an additional pair of side wheels; the crew to lean out of windows and doors and keep their balance, like motorcycle racers do... It is easy to see that in each of these sentences, winning is associated with losing. Tires that sag by half will dramatically slow down the movement of the all-terrain vehicle. Additional wheels are a serious complication of the design, and there are no workshops on Mars. Forcing astronauts to perform dangerous acrobatic stunts is an unacceptable risk... It is so difficult to avoid controversy that the author of one of the letters admitted: “I can’t think of anything. Let the astronauts walk...” Imagine a sailor who does not know that reefs and rocks must be avoided. This is what an inventor looks like if he does not take into account the fact that it is necessary to eliminate technical contradictions. Remember the problem about measuring the gas pressure inside a lamp? The idea of breaking lamps was patented, but the invention actually failed: the contradiction was not eliminated. The more lamps we break, the more accurate the check will be... and the more scrap and scrap we will get! Before you say: “I solved the inventive problem!” - be sure to ask yourself: “What contradiction have I eliminated?” It is not difficult to hang a load on an all-terrain vehicle, but it must be hung as low as possible, and the lower the load is, the more often it will hit rocks and ledges. An attempt to increase the stability of a vehicle without using inventive tricks leads to a deterioration in the vehicle's cross-country ability: an all-terrain vehicle ceases to be an all-terrain vehicle... Let us now use this trick: let the load be located very low, close to the ground, but not outside, but inside the all-terrain vehicle. Let's hide the load in... the wheels! Let's place metal balls or round stones there and let them roll... This invention was patented in Japan to increase the stability of forklifts, tractors, and truck cranes. Remember this technique, it’s called a “matryoshka”: to save space, you can place one object inside another. Problem and answer - two banks of the river. Trying to immediately guess the answer is like trying to jump from shore to shore. Technical contradictions and techniques form a bridge. The theory of solving inventive problems is, in essence, the science of how to build invisible bridges along which thought comes to new ideas. However, it is more correct to compare contradictions and techniques with the supports of a bridge. Jumping from support to support is also not so easy: you need a guess to move from a problem to a contradiction and from a contradiction to a technique. In addition to supports, you need beams connecting the supports - then you will get a good bridge along which you can calmly and confidently, step by step, move from the problem to the answer. We'll talk about this bridge later. For now, one thing is important: the inventor needs to find and overcome technical contradictions. The theory of solving inventive problems begins with this simple idea.
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