Mass culture. Meaning, origin, examples of the use of phraseological units

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Winged words, phraseologism. Meaning, history of origin, examples of use

Winged words, phraseological units

Directory / Winged words, phraseological units

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Mass culture

Max Horkheimer

Phraseologism: Mass culture.

Meaning: About the undemanding, primitive tastes of the majority (contempt., disapproval.).

Origin: From English: Mass Culture. The appearance of the expression "mass culture" was first noted in the United States in 1939. But in the now generally accepted cultural sense, it was first used by the American art historian Max Horkheimer in his work "Art and Popular Culture" (1941). Later in the United States, the same meaning of the abbreviation word "masskult" appeared, which was introduced (1963) by the American philosopher, culturologist and essayist Dwight Macdonald.

Random phraseology:

Business time, fun hour.

Meaning:

It is necessary to give more time and attention to business than fun and entertainment.

Origin:

The modern meaning of this proverb (given to it back in the 1629th century) is erroneous from a historical point of view. Its appearance is associated with the book, compiled by order of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (1676-24), - "The book, called the officer: a new code and dispensation of the rank of the falconer's way." It was a collection of rules for falconry - a favorite pastime of the tsar and the boyars of that time. At the end of the preface to the book, the tsar made a handwritten postscript: "... do not forget: there is time for work and an hour for fun." But in those days, an hour meant "time in general", so the meaning of Alexei Mikhailovich's saying was this: "everything has its time" (that is, there should be time for business and time for rest). In the XNUMXth century, the proverb acquired its current meaning and changed its structure: they began to use it with the adversative union a, thereby contrasting business with fun (fun, entertainment, cf. the verb to amuse), and time with an hour (i.e., one XNUMXth part days).

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Laughing depends on the genes 16.06.2015

Why does someone barely smile at the same joke, and someone starts laughing until they drop? Of course, a lot here depends on personal taste and culture, but not only - according to researchers from Northwestern University, some people have their own genetic characteristics that make them very funny.

It is known that our emotions and mood are largely dependent on the level of the neurotransmitter serotonin - for example, a chronic lack of serotonin can lead to constant anxiety and depression (which are within easy reach of the abuse of various "substances"). Serotonin levels are controlled by the 5-HTTLPR gene, which has a long and a short version. At one time, it was shown that it is the short version of 5-HTTLPR that can be found in people prone to gloomy thoughts and depressive states.

However, as Claudia M. Haase and her colleagues found, short 5-HTTLPR is also associated with increased laughter. They set up several experiments, showing funny videos to people of different ages; in addition, in one of the experiments, older couples had to discuss the difficulties of their own marriage. All this was recorded on camera, after which facial expressions were evaluated using a special system that makes it possible to distinguish natural positive emotions from artificial ones, when a person laughs or smiles out of politeness or, for example, to hide negative emotions. (In particular, "crow's feet" around the eyes are considered one of the reliable signs of a real smile.) The emotions were then compared with data on the 5-HTTLPR gene.

According to the authors of the work in the journal Emotion, the owners of the short version laughed and smiled more readily than those whose 5-HTTLPR was long. That is, humorousness really partly depends on genes. However, something else is more curious: it turns out that the same gene can affect both positive and negative emotions.

For the researchers themselves, the results were not such a surprise. Although, as we said above, the short version of 5-HTTLPRR was originally considered to be an enhancer of depression, then works began to appear that said that positive emotions cannot do without a shortened version of the same gene. According to Claudia Haase, a short 5-HTTLPR cannot be considered either "fun" or "sad" - it only enhances the emotional response to certain circumstances: if everything is good, it will help a person to rejoice, if it's bad, on the contrary, plunge into depression. As for those who got a long 5-HTTLPR, they simply perceive everything less emotionally, and their experiences, whether joyful or not, devoid of a genetic "amplifier", remain quite moderate. It is not known which is better; but at the very least, if you're depressed, it's worth considering that it's actually not all that bad, it's just that you were unlucky with the gene that controls serotonin.

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