The balloon passes through the opening of the record. Effective trick and its solution

EFFECTIVE FOCUSES AND THEIR CLUES
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The balloon passes through the opening of the record. Focus secret

Spectacular tricks and their clues

Directory / Spectacular tricks and their clues

Focus Description:

Blow up a round balloon. Take a gramophone record, stick the neck of the ball into its tiny hole. Slowly pull the ball through the phonograph record by the neck. It will pass through the record while still being inflated (Fig. a).

Focus A balloon passes through a hole in a record

Focus secret:

A "gramophone record" consists of two identical records glued together along the very edge. Circles 10 cm in diameter are cut out in their centers, equal to the diameter of the pasted record label. In the space equal to 1,5 mm between them, in the center, a liner stitched with needles and cut in half, which is the missing glued label, moves freely in the center.

Its diameter is slightly larger than the diameter of the cut out circle. When the halves of the insert are connected, then from the side, if you look at the record, it seems that it is real, although its thickness is 2-2,5 mm (Fig. b).

When you insert the neck of the inflated balloon into the "tiny" hole, hold the label insert with your fingers. As soon as you begin to stretch the ball through the record, the ball itself will push the halves of the insert to the sides, outside the circle. At this time, the gramophone record should be held with the butt end towards the audience, then they will not see the large hole that has opened in the center.

Before inserting the ball into the record, you need to inflate it a little more, and then let out a little air so that it, compressed slightly, passes through the cut hole. As soon as the ball leaves the record, the halves of the liner will lower due to their own weight and again unite into a whole circle.

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Invisible solar cell suitable for window glass 23.07.2022

A team of scientists from Tohoka University (Japan) has created an almost invisible solar cell using indium tin oxide (ITO) as a transparent electrode and tungsten disulfide (WS2) as a photoactive layer. They published the results of the study in the scientific journal nature.

It is noteworthy that the transparency of the solar battery reaches 79%. This will allow in the future to use these devices to equip "smart" homes, inserting them into windows instead of glass, to cover the screens of various gadgets like a smartphone and a fitness bracelet. The transparent solar panel will power wearable and mobile devices, saving people from having to carry a charger with them and depend on an outlet.

WS2 (tungsten disulfide) is a thin monolayer semiconductor composed of a transition metal and a chalcogen. According to scientists, this material is ideal for creating almost "invisible" solar panels. Bonding of indium tin oxide and tungsten disulfide (ITO-WS2) is achieved by sputtering ITO onto a quartz substrate and growing a WS2 monolayer using chemical vapor deposition. The contact barrier between WS2 and ITO was controlled by depositing thin metal layers on top of ITO (Mx/ITO) and a thin layer of WO3 between Mx/ITO and the WS2 monolayer.

As a result, the height of the Schottky barrier increased sharply (up to 220 meV), which increased the efficiency of charge carrier separation in this solar battery. The Schottky barrier is a barrier that appears in the contact layer of a semiconductor adjacent to a metal, equal to the difference in the work functions of the metal and the semiconductor.

As a result, the researchers found that the energy conversion efficiency of the electrode-optimized (WO3/Mx/ITO) solar cell was more than 1000 times higher than that of a device using a conventional ITO electrode.

The researchers calculated that a 1cm solar cell with a very high average visible light transmittance (79%) could increase its total output to 420pW. This became clear in the course of experiments that scientists conducted several times in a row.

Only in the USA the area of glass surfaces is from 5 to 7 billion square meters. m - from phone screens to skyscrapers. "Imagine the huge amount of electricity that could be produced if we could glaze these areas with such solar panels."

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