Addition of vibrations. Fun physical experience at home

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Addition of vibrations. Physical experiments

Entertaining experiments in physics

Entertaining experiences at home / Physics experiments for children

Oscillations can be added. If they are directed in one direction, then oscillations are obtained, the amplitude of which is equal to the sum of the amplitudes of the components of the oscillations. If the directions of oscillations of the same amplitude are opposite, then the oscillations are subtracted from each other and stop. (After all, if you subtract one from one, you get zero.) An experiment with sound is carried out on a special device. As a result of subtracting one sound vibration from another, exactly the same, the sound disappears and nothing is heard.

You and I will add two mutually perpendicular oscillations, imparting them to one pendulum. Let's see what happens as a result of this addition.

Hang the pendulum in a place where nothing interferes with its oscillations (for example, a doorway). Tilt it to the right and push it forward before releasing it. The pendulum received two directions of movement at once: it needs to swing from right to left and simultaneously forward and backward, since you pushed it that way. The directions of oscillations are perpendicular to each other, they add up, and the pendulum now describes ellipses or even circles.

Addition of vibrations

Another experiment on the addition of vibrations that are perpendicular to each other can be done like this.

Take a bicycle spoke (you can use a straight piece of steel or copper wire of approximately the same thickness and length), firmly clamp its end (if it is a spoke, then the end with a slight bend) in a vice or between two wooden blocks. The spoke must be in a vertical position. On the free end of the knitting needle, place a piece of rubber tube with a shiny steel ball from a ball bearing inserted (halfway) into it. If the inner diameter of the tube is larger than the thickness of the spoke, wrap a little insulating tape around the end of the spoke.

Addition of vibrations

We will observe the experiment from above; make sure that the ball on the knitting needle is well lit so that there is a bright highlight on it.

If you tilt the needle a little and release it, it will begin to oscillate, the highlight on the ball will describe ellipses. Why ellipses and not a straight line? The fact is that by deflecting and releasing the knitting needle, you, without noticing it, gave it two directions of oscillation at once. But now practice so that the glare of the ball when releasing the knitting needle draws only a short straight line. The main thing when releasing the knitting needle is to try to keep your hand completely calm, not tremble, and your fingers to unclench quickly.

When you achieve that the glare of the ball on the knitting needle draws a short straight line, hit the knitting needle, across its oscillations, with a wooden stick. The ball will immediately begin to describe ellipses. This is the result of the addition of two perpendicular vibrations. Do not get carried away by the large span of the knitting needle; it is enough if its span is two to three centimeters. If you don't have a bicycle knitting needle at home, you can use a long knitting needle.

When you add oscillations of different frequencies, as the French physicist Lissajous did, you get not ellipses, but beautiful, intricate figures. You yourself can easily reproduce the experiments with Lissajous figures. Here's how it's done, for example. Glue a cone out of cardboard with a small (one or two millimeters) hole in its top. Hang the cone by two threads in the doorway (with the cone down, of course). Now clamp both threads (for example, with a clothespin, alligator clip, etc.) in some place - say, five centimeters from the cone. You need to lay a newspaper on the floor, and on it put a piece of dark-colored paper, preferably velvety.

Now you need to move the pendulum a little towards you and to the right and pour a cone of semolina into the funnel. Having released the pendulum, we can observe the Lissajous figures resulting from its oscillations. By changing the position of the thread clamp, you can get different shapes.

The experiment with Lissajous figures is very beautiful if, instead of a funnel, you tie a flashlight battery with a burning light bulb to the end of the threads and turn off the lights in the apartment.

Author: Rabiza F.V.

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Researchers at the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School of Lausanne have published a scientific paper that talks about the creation of gelatin actuators - a technology that could eventually allow the creation of edible robots.

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A similar study last year by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology reported on the creation of an origami robot made from dried pig intestines that is placed in a person's stomach to remove swallowed items like batteries. However, the design of the Federal Polytechnic School of Lausanne differs in that its mechanisms are completely digestible and do not require extraction from the human body.

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