Causes of sparking on the collector in a DC motor. Scheme, description

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Causes of sparking on the collector in a DC motor. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Electric motors

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It is practically impossible to completely eliminate sparking on the motor commutator, so it is necessary to be able to give a correct assessment of the degree of sparking when inspecting the brushes and commutator. During normal operation of a DC motor, there may be no sparking, or there may be weak pitting sparks under a small part of the brush, as well as a slight sparking under most of the brush. In the latter case, blackening appears on the collector, as well as soot on the brushes. This blackening and soot can be easily removed by wiping with gasoline.

In case of overloads and malfunctions of the electric motor, blackening appears on the collector, which cannot be removed by wiping the surface with gasoline, and deposits on the brushes. At the same time, under the entire edge of the brush, strong sparking is observed with the presence of large flying sparks. Possible burning and destruction of the brushes.

In all cases of strong sparking of the brushes, sometimes accompanied by heating of the collector and the brushes themselves, it is necessary to carefully investigate the cause of the sparking.

Increased sparking can occur for many reasons, in particular: incorrect installation of brushes (not according to factory marks); poor fit of the brushes to the collector (for example, due to overheating of the springs) or the use of a brush of the wrong brand, pollution or partial burnout of the collector; increased vibration of the brush device due to weakening at the attachment points, etc.

It is also useful to observe the color of the sparks that appear. A small spark of bluish-white color, almost always present on the running edge of the brush, does not pose any danger. It almost always exists when the motor is running. An elongated yellowish spark indicates incorrect switching.

Green sparks and the presence of copper on the working part of the brushes (adjacent to the commutator) are the result of copper combustion and indicate mechanical damage to the commutator, such as protrusion of individual commutator plates, eccentricity of the commutator or vibration of the brushes.

Author: V.F. Yakovlev

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