A simple starter. Scheme, description

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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A simple starter. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Chargers, batteries, galvanic cells

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Starter charger (PZU) is designed to charge 6-24 V batteries and start passenger car engines in the cold season.

ROM is an upgraded version of a digital power controller [1], designed to regulate voltage in single-phase and three-phase AC networks.

ROM technical data:

Input voltage, V ....... 12-100
Frequency, Hz......50
Output current, A, not less than ....... 30
Permissible overload current, A ....... 300
Overload current duration, s, no more than.......0,25
Output voltage - DC voltage
Input voltage regulation range (ratio of input voltage to output voltage) ....... 1:10
The method of setting the input voltage ....... changing the resistance of the variable resistor
The presence of protection against short circuit in the load circuit ....... yes
Delay in issuing a signal about the presence of a short circuit (time from the moment a short circuit occurs to issuing a signal to turn off the load), s, no more ....... 0,003

The operation of the ROM is based on the principle of phase regulation. Schematic diagram of the ROM is shown in Fig.1.

(click to enlarge)

The scheme contains:

stabilized power supply (diodes VD1-VD4, VD9, VD10, capacitors C1, C3, resistor R7 and transistor VT2);
synchronization unit (transistor VT1, resistors R1 / R3 / R6, capacitor C4 and elements D1.3 and D1.4, made on the K561TL1 chip);
pulse generator (elements D1.1, D1.2, resistors R2, R4, R5 and capacitor C2);
pulse counter (microcircuit D2 K561IE16);
power amplifier (transistor VT3, resistors R8 and R9);
power unit (optocoupler thyristor modules VS1 MTO-80, VS2, power diodes V-50 VD5-VD8, shunt R10, devices - ammeter and voltmeter);
short circuit detection unit (transistor VT4, resistors R11R14).

Simple starter charger

ROM works as follows. When voltage is applied at the output of the bridge (diodes VD1-VD4), a half-wave voltage appears (graph 1 in Fig. 2), which, after passing through the circuit VT1-D1.3.-D1.4, is converted into pulses of positive polarity (graph 2 in Fig. 2). These pulses for the counter D2 are a reset signal to the zero state. After the reset pulse disappears, the generator pulses (D1.1, D1.2) are summed up in the counter D2 and when the number 64 is reached, a pulse appears at the counter output (pin 6) with a duration of at least 10 periods of the generator pulse (graph 3 Fig. 2).

This pulse opens the thyristor VS1 and voltage appears at the output of the ROM (graph 4 in Fig. 2). To illustrate the limits of voltage regulation, graph 5 of Fig. 2 shows the case of setting almost full output voltage.

With the parameters of the frequency-setting circuit (resistors R2, R4, R5 and capacitor C2 in Fig. 1), the opening angle of the thyristor VS1 lies within 17 (f = 70 kHz) 160 (f = 7 kHz) electrical degrees, which gives a lower limit of the output voltage of the order 0,1 input value. The frequency of the generator output signals is determined by the expression [2]

f=450/(R4+R5)С2,

where the dimension f is kHz; R - kOhm; C - nF.

If necessary, the ROM can be used to regulate the AC voltage only. To do this, the bridge on VD1-VD5 diodes should be excluded from the circuit (Fig. 8), and the thyristors should be connected in anti-parallel (in Fig. 1 this is shown by a dashed line).

In this case, using the circuit (Fig. 1), you can adjust the output voltage from 20 to 200 V, but it should be remembered that the output voltage is far from sinusoidal, i.e. only electric heaters or incandescent lamps can serve as consumers. In the latter case, you can dramatically increase the life of the lamps, since they can be turned on smoothly by changing the voltage from 20 to 200 V with resistor R5.

Adjustment of the ROM is reduced to detuning the level of operation of protection against short-circuit currents. To do this, we remove the jumpers between points A and B (Fig. 1) and at point B we temporarily apply voltage + Up. By changing the position of the resistor R14 engine, we determine the voltage level (point C in Fig. 1), at which the VT4 transistor opens.

The level of protection operation in amperes can be determined by the formula:

I=k/R10,

where k=Up/Ut.c., Up - supply voltage; Ut.s. - voltage at point C, at which VT4 is triggered; R10 - shunt resistance.

In conclusion, we can recommend the procedure for including the ROM in operation and report possible replacements of components, tolerances and manufacturing features:

chip D1 can be replaced by a chip K561LA7; chip D2 - chip K561IE10, connecting in series both counters;
all resistors in the MLT0,125 W type circuit, with the exception of the R8 resistor, which must be at least 1 W; tolerances for all resistors, with the exception of resistor R8, and for all capacitors ± 30%;
the shunt (R10) can be made of nichrome with a total cross section of at least 6 mm2 (total diameter about 3 mm, length 1,31,5 mm).

Turn on the ROM only in the following sequence: turn off the load, set the required voltage with resistor R5, turn off the ROM, connect the load and, if necessary, increase the voltage with resistor R5 to the required value. In the absence of a voltmeter for the case of using the ROM only for charging the battery and starting the engine in the cold season, you can use the recommendations of article [3], which describes the LED indication of DC voltage.

References:

Kalashnik V. Digital power regulator // Radio.-1991.- No. 1.-S. 60-61.
Zeldin E. Digital integrated circuits in information-measuring equipment.-L .: Energoatomizdat, 1986.
Light voltage indicators // Radio.-1984.-№12.-S.25-26

Author: V. Khizhnyak

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