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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Two-channel oscilloscope attachment for PC. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Measuring technology It is known that it is very problematic to set up some devices well without an oscilloscope. However, oscilloscopes are quite expensive, so if you have an IBM-compatible computer, it is much cheaper to build a relatively simple set-top box for it, such as the one described in the article below. The proposed two-channel oscilloscope attachment to a PC is designed to observe and study the shape of electrical signals, measure the temporal and amplitude characteristics of electrical processes. The bandwidth of each channel is 0...50 MHz, the beam deflection factor is 0,1...20 V/div, the input impedance is 1 MΩ, the input capacitance is 20 pF, the sweep duration is from 0,1 ms/div Minimum PC requirements: 100, VGA, printer port, MS DOS 386. On the high-frequency bands, the device works according to the stroboscopic principle, on the low-frequency bands - in real time. The software allows operation in the spectrum analyzer mode. The number of samples of the signal displayed on the screen in the normal mode is 256, in the spectrum analyzer mode - 128. The program uses the LPT1 port (see table): base port 378H, printer status signal port (input) 379H, control signal port (output) 37AH . The program assumes that the state of the port bits is standard and corresponds to the states of the signals on the pins of the printer connector [1].
The schematic diagram of the attachment is shown in fig. 1. The studied signals through the input jacks XW1 and XW2 are fed to resistive-capacitive dividers, consisting of switches 1SA2, 2SA2, resistors 1R1 -1R8, 2R1-2R8 and capacitors 1C2-1C9,2C2-2C9, which determine the maximum vertical span (prefixes 1 and 2 hereinafter denote the belonging of the elements to channels 1 and 2, respectively). The MOS switches of the 1DA1 microcircuit are connected to the outputs of the dividers through repeaters on transistors 1VT2, 2VT1 and 2VT2, 1VT1 (two of its directions are used in channel 1, the rest in channel 2). The keys are opened by pulses with a duration of about 10 ns coming from the shaper on the trigger DD1.2, and capacitors 1C10 and 2C10 are charged through them, to which the non-inverting inputs of the op-amp 1DA2 and 2DA2 are connected. The voltages on the capacitors, corresponding to the voltages of the signals at the time of opening the keys, are amplified by the op-amp by 10 times. The duration of the opening pulse corresponds to the minimum duration of the front of the input signal, which will be displayed without distortion, i.e., determines the bandwidth of the passed frequencies. The measurement of voltages at the outputs of the op amps 1DA2 and 2DA2 implemented in the program by successive approximation is carried out as follows. First, the number 378 is set to port 2H7 (at the output of the DAC - 2,5 V) and the state of the outputs of the comparators is checked (bit 3 and 4 of the 379H port). If the comparator worked, 2 is added to the specified number6if not, the second is subtracted from the first. Then the state of the comparators is checked again, 2 is added or subtracted5. The procedure is repeated until the addition or subtraction of 20. The resulting numbers correspond to the voltage values at the outputs 1DA2 and 2DA2. The divider R20R29 sets the limits for changing the voltage at the output of the DAC from 0,5 to 4,5 V. To prevent the pulse shaper from working when determining the voltages at the outputs of the op-amp, a log is applied to the input D of the trigger DD1.2 at this time. 0. ADC conversion time with a port write time of 2 µs is 2x40 µs. Synchronization is carried out in channel 1 using comparator DA1, the inverting input of which is connected through capacitors C1 and C2 to the output of the repeater on transistors 1VT1 and 1VT2. To increase the noise immunity, resistors R2 and R3 are introduced, which set the comparator to a hysteresis of 20 mV. The synchronization level is regulated by a variable resistor R4.
The time delay from the moment the comparator DA1 is triggered to the moment the keys of the 1DA1 chip are opened is set by software and hardware at high-frequency ranges and by software at low-frequency ones. In the first case, the program, when it is ready to receive the next value of the input signals, sets and then removes the "Reset" signal from the trigger DD1.1 (bit 7 of port 37A = "1/0", pin 1 of the printer connector = "0/1 "). "Cocked" in this way, the trigger is triggered when the comparator DA1 is switched, and the transistor VT3 closes. As a result, one of the time-setting capacitors C2-C8 begins to charge from a current source made on the elements VT9, R7, R21. When the voltage on it reaches the voltage value at the output of the DAC, the DA2 comparator is activated and starts the pulse shaper (DD1.2, R11, C22), which controls the keys of the 1DA1 chip. The program determines the operation of the DA2 comparator by the value 0 on pin 11 of the printer connector (bit 0 of port 379H). After that, the subroutine for determining the voltage at the outputs 1DA2 and 2DA2 is started. The voltage values are recorded in the memory, the next value is set in the DAC, the trigger DD1.1 is "cocked" again, and the cycle repeats until a key is pressed. On the elements VT1, R5, R6, VD1, C3, C6, a node for determining the presence of synchronization is implemented. When the DA1 comparator is periodically triggered, there is a log on pin 10 of the XP1 connector (bit 1 of the 379H port). 1, and after "arming" the trigger DD1.1 the program waits for the operation of the comparator DA2. Otherwise, this trigger is launched from the program by sequentially setting the "Reset" and "Set" signals (bits 4, 7 of port 37A = "10/01", pins 1, 17 of the printer connector = "01/10"). The values from 0 to 255 are set programmatically at the DAC output, respectively, the delay from the moment of synchronization to the moment of opening the keys changes from the minimum value to the maximum, and the signal image is formed. The sweep period T (in seconds per division) is determined by the formula T \u2d CU / 4,5I, where C is the capacitance of the connected capacitor in farads; U = 0,001 V - maximum voltage of the DAC; I \u2d XNUMX A - the collector current of the transistor VTXNUMX. If the timing capacitor is large, the signal image is formed too slowly. Therefore, the program implements a procedure for determining its capacity, which checks how many times the program can read signal values during its charging. If this time is long (a large sweep duration is set), after switching the comparator DA1, the keys of the switch 1DA2 can be opened several times. In this case, intermediate values are set at the DAC output, and the DD1.1 trigger is launched from the program by sequentially setting the "Reset" and "Set" signals. If a sweep duration greater than 5 ms/div is selected. (switch SA2 in the lower - according to the scheme - position), the delay after switching the comparator DA1 is generated by software. The program "knows" about this by the zero value of bit 2 of port 379H. Trigger DD1.1 is launched from the program by successively setting the signals "Reset" and "Set" at specified intervals. The sweep time is set from the keyboard using the "0" - "9" keys. The vertical beam shift is changed by variable resistors 1R13 and 2R13, the sweep duration (smoothly) - by resistor R28. Program written in Turbo Pascal. It implements a fast Fourier transform (spectrum analyzer). The signal shown on the screen is converted. In order for the spectrum to be displayed correctly, it is necessary that an integer number of signal periods fit on the screen. This can be achieved by selecting the duration of the sweep with a variable resistor R8. The subroutine for fast conversion in Fortran is given in [2]. There you can also find an explanation of the method for determining the signal spectrum through the Fourier transform. To power the set-top box, a source of stabilized voltages +12, +5, and -6 V is required. The current consumption in the +12 and -6 V circuits does not exceed 50, in the +5 V circuit - 150 mA. The ripple level should not exceed 1 mV. You can use a Chinese-made power supply (adapter) for 3 ... 12 V, 1A, modifying it, as shown in fig. 2.
The prefix is mounted on a conventional breadboard. When repeating, it should be noted that the device is sensitive to external and internal pickups. For example, the penetration of the input signal into the timing chain can cause distortion of the observed signal. Therefore, the installation must be carried out in such a way that the connection of these set-top box circuits with each other and the penetration of external signals into them is minimal. Capacitors C4, C5 should be soldered directly to the terminals of the comparator DA1, elements 1DA1, 1C10, 2C10, 1DA2, 2DA2 should be placed side by side. Resistors 1R1-1R8, 2R1-2R8, capacitors 1C1-1C9, 2C1-2C9, C7-C21 should be mounted on the corresponding switches. The following parts can be used in the attachment. Resistors R12-R19, R21-R28 - with a permissible deviation from the nominal value of not more than ± 0,25%, for example, C2-29. The value of the resistors R12-R19, R28 is 1 ... 10 kOhm, R21-R27 - 0,5 ... 5 kOhm, and the resistance of the latter should be exactly two times less than the first (this can be achieved by parallel connection of resistors with a rating first). The remaining resistors are of any type with a tolerance of ± 5%. As time-setting (C7-C21, 1C1 -1C8, 2C1-2C8) it is desirable to use capacitors with the smallest possible deviation from the nominal values \uXNUMXb\uXNUMXband small TKE. Transistors 1VT1, 2VT1 - high-frequency field transistors with a cut-off voltage of at least 5 V (KPZOZG-KPZOZE, KP307Zh, etc.), 1VT2, 2VT2 - high-frequency npn structures with a static current transfer coefficient p21E of at least 50 (KT316D, KT325B, KT325V) , VT1, VT2 - any corresponding structures with p21e not less than 400, VT3 - with a collector pulse current of at least 300 mA and an operating frequency of at least 200 MHz (KT3117A, 2N2222). The input currents of the op amps 1DA2 and 2DA2 must be no more than 0,1 nA, the output voltage slew rate must be at least 20 V / μs (KR544UD2A, LF356). Comparators 1DA3, 2DA3, DA2 - with a voltage gain of at least 105, input currents of not more than 0,5 μA and a switching time of not more than 0,5 μs (KR554SAZ, LM211N, K521SAZ), DA1 - with a switching time of not more than 15ns (KR597CA2, AM686). As a DD1 chip, you can use KR1594TM2 (74ACT74N), KR1533TM2 (74ALS74AN), DD2, DD3 -KR1594LN1 (74ACT04N), KR1554LN1 (74AC04N), KR1564LN1 (74HC04N). When using KR1594TM2, the frequency band is 0 ... 50 MHz (in this case, capacitor C22 is not installed, and R11 is replaced with a 4,7 kOhm resistor), KR1533TM2 - 0 ... 15 MHz. The use of the KR1564LN1 microcircuit requires a change in the values of the resistors R12 - R19, R28 and R21 - R27: the resistance of the first must be at least 5 kOhm, the second - at least 2,5 kOhm (while maintaining the 2R / R ratios). The resistance of the open channel MOS keys 1DA1 should be no more than 100 Ohm, the on / off time - no more than 10 not (KR590KN8, SD5002). Setting up the set-top box begins with checking the input repeater modes. If the voltages at the emitters 1VT1, 2VT1 go beyond 1,5 ... 2,5 V, resistors 1R9 or 2R9 are selected. Then, using a signal source with a calibrated frequency, by selecting capacitors C7-C21 and resistor R9, the required values of the sweep frequency are set at high-frequency ranges (it is set programmatically at low-frequency ones). When working with an attachment, one should take into account the features of the stroboscopic effect, which are expressed, for example, in a significant distortion of the waveform with amplitude modulation, if the frequency of the modulating oscillation is close to the sampling frequency. In addition, the DA2 comparator introduces a delay of about 300 ns, which can make it difficult to observe the edges of signals with a large duty cycle. The set-top box can bring the greatest benefit when used in real time - as a storage oscilloscope, as well as with a sweep duration of less than 1 μs / div. - as an alternative to expensive high-frequency devices. Literature
Author: A.Khabarov, Kovrov; Publication: radioradar.net
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