It will heat and prepare biogas. Scheme, description

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It will heat and prepare biogas. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources

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Biogas. Used in Ancient China, and then rediscovered millennia later as an “unconventional, environmentally friendly source of energy for the XNUMXst century,” it is attracting increasing attention in our country. This can be evidenced, in particular, by the steady growth of biogas-related publications.

Confirmation of the steady growth in popularity, as well as the inexhaustibility of the topic of technical solutions for the production and practical use of “valuable gaseous products of anaerobic (i.e., occurring without access to air) fermentation (overheating) of organic substances that previously fell under the category of worthless waste,” is this article.

Biogas is essentially a “hellish” mixture. Its main components: methane (55-70%) and carbon dioxide (28-43%); Other compounds are also present here in small quantities, including chemically aggressive ones. For example, hydrogen sulfide. And this cannot be ignored when creating an installation for producing biogas, taking into account that on average 1 kg of organic matter, 70% biodegradable, produces 0,18 kg of methane, 0,32 kg of carbon dioxide, 0,2 kg of water and 0,3 .XNUMX kg of indecomposable residue.

Since the decomposition of organic waste with the release of biogas is the result of the activity of certain types of bacteria, the environment has a very significant impact here. In particular, temperature. It turns out: the warmer it is, the higher the speed and degree of fermentation of organic raw materials.

But, as they say, we are not in Tashkent, which means we need to heat the fermented mass. This problem is probably easiest to solve by using the heat released during the decomposition of manure. It is in this that the “gas-producing center” of the installation must be placed - the so-called “methane tank”, which can be made from 2...5 mm stainless steel sheets, welded twice: first with electric welding, and then (for reliability) with gas welding. In addition, it is necessary to provide for the refueling of the biogas plant with raw materials, as well as the removal of waste from the working area.

Some successful technical solutions were followed by others. And finally, the development took the form presented in the illustrations.

Heat and prepare biogas
Rice. 1. Biogas plant: 1 - aerobic fermenter (corrosion-resistant - for example, wooden - box-shaped structure with folding back and front walls), 2 - covering (made of wooden panels), 3 - filler neck of the digester (welded structure of 2,5- mm "stainless steel"), 4 - digester (from a container of suitable dimensions for storing chemical fertilizers, petroleum products; or welded from 2,5...5 mm "stainless steel"), 5 - mechanical stirrer (welded structure from "stainless steel" ), 6 - biogas sampling pipe, 7 - thermal insulation layer made of expanded clay or polystyrene foam, 8 - grated floor (made of wooden beams 100x100 mm), 9 - drain valve, 10 - technological channel, 11 - brick stand, 12 - sleeve - welded guide (from a 100 mm piece of pipe 32x5, “stainless steel”), 13 - blower (or blacksmith bellows)

Heat and prepare biogas
Rice. 2. Device for removing condensate from a biogas pipeline: 1 - biogas pipeline, 2 - V-shaped tube (the length of the free branch "X" must be greater than the biogas pressure in the line expressed in millimeters of water), 3 - condensate

A cylindrical metal container - a digester - with a filler neck, a drain valve, a mechanical stirrer and a biogas selection pipe are combined into a compact structure (see fig.), for the manufacture of which, for example, containers for chemical fertilizers, other parts and stainless steel components. Moreover, the “gas-producing center” itself is located inside an aerobic fermenter, which can be made rectangular (for example, from lumber).

The two side walls of the fermenter are removable to facilitate unloading of waste manure. The floor is made of lattice. Air is forced through the technological channel located underneath it. For this purpose, a bellows-type supercharger or a special blower is used.

It is recommended to cover the top of the fermenter with wooden panels, and to reduce heat loss, the walls and bottom should be covered with a heat-insulating layer.

Pre-prepared manure with cow urine is poured into the digester through the neck. The humidity of “technological raw materials” should be in the range of 88-92%. Moreover, the level of this liquid is controlled at the bottom of the filler neck. The aerobic fermenter is filled through the upper opening part with solid bedding manure or a mixture of the latter with loose dry organic filler (straw, sawdust) with a moisture content of 65-69%.

When the blower supplies air in the fermenter, organic matter begins to decompose and heat is released. It is quite enough to heat the digester, the contents of which are mixed (fortunately, there is a special stirrer, as well as a physical phenomenon known to everyone from school - convection). As a result, biogas is released. It accumulates in the upper part of the digester. Through a special pipe, biogas is discharged into the “main” and used for domestic needs.

When operating this biogas plant (as, indeed, most other analogue devices), one should remember the need to ensure biochemical balance. Indeed, sometimes the rate of acid production by bacteria participating in the process of anaerobic fermentation is higher than the rate of their consumption by bacteria of another group of participants. In this case, as the magazine already noted in its previous publications, the acidity of the mass increases, and the biogas yield decreases. The situation can be corrected either by reducing the daily portion of the raw material, or by increasing its solubility (if possible with hot water), or, finally, by adding a neutralizing substance (for example, milk of lime, washing or drinking soda).

Biogas production may decrease due to the imbalance between carbon and nitrogen. The situation is corrected by introducing substances into the digester,

containing nitrogen, urine or a small amount of ammonium salts, usually used as chemical fertilizers (50-100 g per cubic meter of raw materials).

We must also not forget that high humidity and the presence of hydrogen sulfide (the content of which in biogas can reach 0,5%) stimulate increased corrosion of the metal parts of the installation. Therefore, the condition of all other elements of the fermenter and digester must be regularly monitored. And carefully protect in places of damage (it is best to use red lead - in one or two layers, followed by two layers of any oil paint).

After processing in a biogas plant, waste is disinfected. They are good to use as high quality fertilizers. But besides this, the most important thing is produced - gas. Moreover, in a volume quite sufficient for a two-burner stove.

Such an installation will pay for itself within a year only due to waste disposal in personal households.

Author: A.Kovalev

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