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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Evening light. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Lighting Traditionally, starting from the first publication on this topic, the words in the title are referred to as devices that periodically turn on and off the lighting in an apartment or country house, thereby simulating the presence of people. Despite certain doubts about the effectiveness of such a measure of protection against uninvited guests and the fire hazard of electrical appliances left unattended, the problem continues to excite many readers. Today we are publishing descriptions of two "Evening Light" submachine guns developed by the authors of our magazine. E. Zuev from the village. Denyatino of the Vladimir region considers the main disadvantage of the devices published in [1, 2] to be that they turn on the lighting once or twice a day at the same time, regardless of the season. The optimal, in his opinion, daily cycle of operation of the machine in winter: in the morning the lighting is on for two hours, off for eight, then on for six and off for eight. In summer, it is advisable to turn on the lighting every day for two hours in the evening. If the windows of the protected area are in the shade of other buildings or vegetation, the "winter" cycle can be used all year round. The scheme of the automaton is shown in fig. one.
If the SB2 button switch is in the position indicated in the diagram, the device operates in the "winter" mode. After applying power and pressing the SB1 "Start" button, the timer DD1 [3] will start counting the time, and the counter DD2 will be set to the state corresponding to the log. 1 at pin 3. Transistor VT2 will open, relay K2 will work and turn on the lighting with its contacts. Since all other outputs of the counter DD2 - log. 0, the transistor VT1 will remain closed, and the relay contacts K 1.1 will remain in the state shown in the diagram. Resistor R1 will be included in the frequency-setting circuit of the DD2 timer clock generator, selected in such a way that the pulse repetition period at pin 9 DD1 is 4 hours. After half of this period (after 2 hours), instead of the log. 1 at pin 9 DD1 will appear log. 0. As a result, the state of the counter DD2 will change and the log. 1 from its pin 3 will move to pin 2, not shown in the diagram. Transistor VT2 will close, relay K2 will open the contacts, the lighting will go out. 10 hours after the start of the log. 1, "moving" every 4 hours from one output of the counter DD2 to another, will reach its output 7. The transistor VT2 will be open again, the lighting will be on. At the same time, transistor VT1 will open and relay K1 will work. The place of the frequency-setting resistor R2 will be taken by R3, the oscillation frequency of the clock generator DD1 will decrease, as a result of the log. 0 will appear at pin 9 DD1 only after 6 hours. At this moment, the state of the counter DD2 will change again and both transistors will close, turning off the lighting and restoring the previous frequency of the generator. After another 8 hours log. 1 will appear at pin 5 of the counter DD2. Through the diodes VD4 and VD6, it will go to the inputs for setting the timer and counter to its initial state, after which the cycle will repeat. In the "summer" mode, the SB2 button is fixed in the pressed state. The counter DD2 does not work, since a log is applied to its input R through one of the contact groups of the button. 1, prohibiting the account. Other groups of contacts break the circuit connecting pin 3 of DD2 with the base of the transistor VT2 and connect it to pin 9 of the DD1 timer. The signal from pin 9 DD1 through the closed contacts of the button SB2 is fed to the base of the transistor VT1. The last group of contacts replaces resistor R3 in the frequency setting circuit of the DDI clock generator with resistor R4. The lighting turned on after pressing the SB1 button will go out after 2 hours, since the log. 1 at pin 9 DD1 will change to log. 0. Simultaneously appeared on the output 10 DD1 log. 1 will trigger relay K1, which switches the frequency-setting resistors. The frequency of the generator will decrease to such an extent that a new change in the state of the outputs of the timer DD1 will occur only after 22 hours, after which the lighting will turn on and the cycle will repeat. The machine is supplied with a voltage of 9 V from any power supply that provides a load current of at least 300 mA. Battery GB1 of three or four galvanic cells is a backup battery. It ensures uninterrupted operation of microcircuits in the event of an accidental or deliberate disconnection of the main power source, preventing the device from disrupting the cycle of operation of the device. The establishment of the machine is reduced to the exact selection of resistors R2 - R4. The errors in performing this operation, together with the instability of the frequency of the built-in generator inherent in the KR512PS10 microcircuit, lead to the fact that every day the moments of operation of the machine are shifted by several minutes. From the point of view of approaching the observed pattern to the natural one, this is even useful. However, every few days the machine has to be restarted. In the "winter" mode, the "Start" button must be pressed at 6 am, in the "summer" mode - at 22 pm. Resistors R2-R4, it is desirable to use precision C2-29V, capacitor C1 - mica K31 -11 -3. The remaining resistors are MLT, OMLT, S2-23. Button SB1 - PKNB-1 without fixation, SB2 - P2K with fixation. All diodes can be series KD503, KD521, KD522. Relay - RES-32 passport RF4.500.385-01. Transistors - KT603, KT608 with any letter indices. A. BUTOV from the village. Kurba of the Yaroslavl region proposes to assemble the "Evening Light" machine according to the scheme shown in fig. 2. The device does not need to be started at a strictly defined time, the cycle of its operation automatically starts at dusk and consists of 16 one-hour intervals. In each of them, the lighting can be programmed on or off. At the beginning and middle of the hour, the lamps turned on are turned off for several minutes, which enhances the effect of the presence of the "owner". Since twilight sets in at different times every day, the time of the start of the machine's operation also shifts accordingly.
The control pulse generator is built on the DD1 KR512PS10 chip, as in the previous design. Its control inputs are connected in such a way that when the SA1 switch is set to the "H" position, the DD1 chip divides the frequency of its clock generator by 7864320. The DD3.1 counter divides the frequency of the DD1 output pulses by another 16. To pulse at pin 14 DD3.1 appeared with a period of 1 hour (3600 s), the frequency of the clock generator of the DD1 chip should be set equal to 7864320-16 / 3600 * 34952 Hz. Switching the SA1 switch to the "M" position reduces the division ratio of the DD1 microcircuit by 60 times, and the pulse repetition period at pin 14 DD3.1 is up to 1 min, which is convenient for setting up and testing the machine. If this is not necessary, the switch can be omitted. Pulses with a period of 1 h are fed to the input of the counter DD3.2, to the outputs of which the decoder DD4 is connected. At the outputs of the latter, a log appears in turn. 0. The program of operation of the machine is set by installing diodes VD6 - VD20. If there is a diode, in the corresponding hourly interval at the input 8 of the DD2.4 element there will be a log. 0, the output is a log. 1, transistor VT4 is open. This will trigger relay K1 and turn on the lighting. Otherwise (there is no diode, its circuit is broken) at the input 8 DD2.4 - log. 1 and the lights are off. Diodes VD2 - VD4 and transistor VT3 are used for short-term extinguishing of lamps. "Inside" each hourly interval there are two time intervals of 3,75 minutes each, when none of the outputs 11-13 of the DD3.1 counter has a log. 1. During these intervals, the transistor VT3 is closed, at the input 9 DD2.4 - log. 1 and regardless of the logic level at input 8, the lighting is off. Synchronization of the operation of the machine with the time of twilight occurs as follows. While the illumination of the photodiode VD1 is high, the transistors VT1 and VT2 are open and log. 1 at the output of the element DD2.2 keeps the counters of the microcircuits DD1 and DD2 in their original state. With a decrease in illumination, the resistance of the photodiode increases, the transistors close, at the output of DD2.2 - log. 0 allowing count. After 30 minutes, a log will appear at output 2 of the DD4 decoder. 0 and the first hour interval of the machine will start. As soon as the illumination of VD1 exceeds the threshold, the log. 1 at the output of DD2.2 will again set the counters of the microcircuits DD1 and DD2 to their original state. Capacitor C4 prevents the machine from malfunctioning, for example, during lightning flashes. While the transistor VT4 is closed, the current through the coil of the relay K1 does not flow, and the capacitor C5 is charged to the voltage of the power source. The charge accumulated in the capacitor is enough to trigger the relay when the transistor opens. After the capacitor is discharged, resistor R13 limits the current flowing through the winding of the triggered relay K1 to a value sufficient to hold the armature. After closing the transistor VT4, the capacitor C5 is charged again. In this way, the current consumption is saved. Diode VD5 protects the transistor VT4 from breakdown by self-induction voltage of the relay winding K1. The power supply unit of the machine must supply a current of at least 150 mA through the +5 V circuit and at least 30 mA - through the +12 V circuit. Fixed resistors - S2-23, MLT, VS, trimmer R2 - SPZ-38a or other small-sized. Capacitors C1, C2 - any ceramic, C3 - K31-11-3, K73-9, K73-17, C4 - K73-17, C5 - oxide K50-16, K50-35. Diodes VD2-VD4, VD6-VD20 - germanium series D9, D20, GD507, VD5 - silicon series KD521, KD522, KD103. The VD1 photodiode can be replaced with a FD-265 or similar, and even with a photoresistor. LEDs - any series AL102, AL307, KIPD21, KIPD32. Transistors VT1 - VT3 - series KT3102, KT342, KT315, VT4 - KT503, KT608, KT630, KT815. Instead of microcircuits of the K155 series, their functional analogues from the K133, K555 series are suitable. K561IE10 is replaced by K564IE10, KR1561IE10. As a relay K1, the author used a factory-made reed switch with a winding resistance of 300 ohms. It can be made independently by winding about 1000 turns of thin enameled wire around the reed switch. Relays RES-15 passport RS4.591.003, RES-22 passport RF4.500.129 are also suitable. The machine should be adjusted by breaking the VD1 photodiode circuit and connecting a frequency meter with a high input impedance to terminal 6 DD1. The tuning resistor R2 sets the frequency of the clock generator, equal to 34952 Hz. By switching SA1 to the "M" position, the operation of the machine is accelerated by 60 times - the HL1 LED should light up 16 times per minute. By the glow of HL2, you can judge when the lighting is on. By selecting the resistor R13, they ensure that the relay K1, after operation, securely holds the armature. After completing the setting, switch SA1 is returned to the "H" position. The VD1 photodiode is placed between the window frames or outside the window in such a way as to avoid its exposure to direct sunlight, street lamps and car headlights. Having restored the previously broken photodiode circuit, the resistor R4 is selected, achieving the launch of the machine at the desired illumination. If, with the missing photodiode VD1, the frequency of the clock generator is set equal to 23301 Hz, one interval of the machine will increase to 1,5 hours, and the full cycle will be 24 hours. However, due to the instability of the generator frequency, the moments of turning on and off the lighting in the absence of synchronization will noticeably shift, and a temporary power outage will result in a failure. The actuating elements in both designs are relatively low-power relays. If the total power of lighting lamps exceeds 60 ... 100 W, they should be controlled through an additional relay or thyristor switch. Literature
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