Stepper motors. Scheme, description

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Electric motors. Stepper motors. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Electric motors

stepper motor is called a rotating electric motor with discrete angular displacements of the rotor, carried out by impulses of the control signal.

Stepper, or pulse, electric motors convert electrical impulses into fixed angular displacements - "steps".

Stepper motors are used in various mechanisms, the working bodies of which must move discretely. Such mechanisms include filming and projection equipment, feed mechanisms of various machine tools, devices for moving rolls of rolling mills, etc.

Stepper motors with an active rotor have a rotor made of permanent magnets (Fig. 16.15). The stator has protruding poles with a concentrated winding in the form of coils on each pole. The stator coils are powered by voltage pulses coming from the electronic switch.

Stepper motors
Rice. 16.15. Two situations during the operation of a stepper motor: a - the axes of the magnetic fields of the stator and rotor coincide; b - the axes of the magnetic fields of the stator and rotor do not match; 1 - vertical poles; 2 - horizontal poles.

Let voltage be applied to the windings of poles 2-2 at the initial moment of time. A stator magnetic field is formed with horizontally located NS poles. As a result of the interaction of this field with the permanent magnets of the rotor, the latter will take the position indicated in Fig. 16.15, but the position at which the axes of the magnetic fields of the stator and rotor coincide. Further, with the help of a switch, the voltage is removed from the windings 2-2 and applied to the windings of poles 1-1. A magnetic field of the stator with vertically arranged poles is formed.

Disconnecting coils 2-2 and connecting coils 1-1 will cause the stator magnetic field to turn abruptly by 90°. The rotor will also turn 90° following the magnetic field of the stator (Figure 16.15b). The stepper motor rotor occupies a certain fixed position, corresponding to the highest magnetic conductivity relative to the excited stator poles.

If the rotor is deflected from this equilibrium position by a certain angle, then the magnetic conductivity for the flow will decrease, the magnetic field lines will deform, and a synchronizing moment will arise, returning the rotor to its previous position.

On the stator of the stepper jet motor there are pronounced poles with an excitation winding. Its rotor is a gear wheel without excitation winding. The motor stator coils receive current pulses in turn, forming a magnetic field that runs in certain jumps around the stator circumference. The salient-pole rotor of the motor synchronously follows this stator field in appropriate discrete steps equal to the angle α_шWhere α_ш - the pitch of the motor rotor:

here 2P - the number of explicit rotor poles, equal to the number of rotor teeth; m is the number of control windings on the stator.

Author: Koryakin-Chernyak S.L.

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