Stepper motor controller. Scheme, description

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Free library / Electrician

Stepper motor controller. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Free technical library

Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Electrician's Handbook

Many descriptions of stepper motor control devices have been published in amateur radio literature, I decided to offer one more that has a number of differences and advantages. The proposed bipolar stepper motor controller is built from a small number of readily available cheap parts, has a low current consumption and can be adapted for use in various devices.

The use of a bipolar power supply for the output electronic switches made it possible to halve their number and obtain an engine stop mode in which no current flows through its windings. The control program provides a fixed duration of the working pulses at any frequency of steps, which saved the key transistors from excessive heating. The use of optocouplers to control the keys provides power decoupling, the possibility of independent power supply of the control unit and keys that switch the motor windings.

The controller circuit is shown in fig. 1. The control unit is built on the DD1 microcontroller (PIC16F84A-04/P). The purpose of the control buttons is as follows: SB1 - clockwise rotation; SB2 - counterclockwise rotation; SB3 - increase in the frequency of steps; SB4 - decrease in the frequency of steps; SB5 - stop. The supply voltage values of the stepper motor +Ushd and -Ushd depend on its type, but should not exceed 27 V in absolute value - half of the collector-emitter voltage allowed for phototransistors of the applied optocouplers.

Rice. 1. Controller diagram (click to enlarge)

A drawing of the printed circuit board of the device and the placement of parts on it are shown in fig. 2. For the microcontroller, a panel is installed on the board, into which it is inserted already programmed.

Rice. 2. Drawing of the controller PCB and placement of parts on it (click to enlarge)

The source text of the microcontroller program contains all the necessary comments, and if necessary, it can be changed, for example, enter a half-step motor control mode or, using the free ports of the microcontroller, add limit switches to limit the rotation sector, or set the desired number of steps. It should be noted that the required sequence of opening transistors VT1-VT4 is implemented in the program, taking into account the trace of the printed circuit board.

A properly assembled device does not require adjustment. In it, as VT1-VT4, you can use any complementary pairs of medium-power transistors, for example, the KT814 and KT815, KT816 and KT817, KT972 and KT973 series or similar imported ones. Suitable transistor optocouplers can be found in any switching power supply where they are widely used.

The PCB file in Sprint Layout 6.0 format and the microcontroller program can be downloaded from ftp://ftp.radio.ru/pub/2016/11/shag.zip.

Author: N. Kamenev

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