Steam turbine solar power plants. Scheme, description

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Steam turbine solar power plants. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources

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In the 70s of the twentieth century, the Soviet Union in the Crimea and the United States in California built steam turbine solar power plants, the device of which is schematically shown in Fig. 3.2. Boiler 2 is installed on tower 3, on which solar radiation is focused, collected from several hectares of the earth's surface by heliostat mirrors. Heliostats 1 track the movement of the Sun across the sky. The mirrors of each heliostat with an area of several square meters direct the sun's rays onto the walls of the heat exchanger of the boiler unit, in which steam is produced with a temperature of up to 510°C.

Through the steam pipeline, 5 steam is sent to the machine room, where electricity is produced in a traditional steam turbine cycle. The installation has a heat accumulator 4 - a container with a volume of several thousand m3, filled with crushed stone, which is heated by "hot" steam during the hours of maximum solar radiation intensity and gives off heat after sunset.

Steam turbine solar power plants
Fig.3.2. SES scheme: 1 - heliostats; 2 - tower; 3 - solar boiler; 4 - heat accumulator; 5 - live steam pipeline; 6 - feed water pipeline

The total amount of heat absorbed by the SPP steam generator is

, W, (3.4)

where - solar radiation efficiency coefficient (varies within 0,35.0,5...2), n - number of heliostats, F - mirror area of one heliostat, m2, I - solar radiation intensity, W/mXNUMX.

The work done by a kilogram of steam in a steam turbine plant in the Rankine cycle is

kJ/kg,

thermal efficiency

(3.5)

where h₁ - enthalpy of live steam, h - enthalpy of steam exhausted in the turbine (determined by h - s steam diagram), h_к - enthalpy of condensate (determined from the tables of thermodynamic properties of water and steam).

The theoretical power of the steam turbine SPP will be

W, (3.6)

where is the relative internal efficiency of the turbine, - The efficiency of the electric generator (within 0,92.0,96). The actual power of the solar power plant is less than the theoretical one due to the energy consumption for own needs (pump drive, etc.).

Steam turbine solar power plants are characterized by high capital costs, mainly due to the high cost of automated heliostat mirrors. The cost of 1 kilowatt of installed capacity at the Solar-1 tower solar power plant, as well as the Crimean solar power plant, is more than 10 times higher than that typical for traditional installations. Another technical solution, implemented in the USA in 1985, turned out to be more economical. Instead of expensive glass mirrors - heliostats, a metal-coated film is used here, stretched over hoops with a diameter of 1,5 meters. By creating a vacuum under the film, they give it a parabolic shape. These concave mirrors focus the sun's radiation onto the tubes in which the steam turbine feedwater is heated and evaporated. Thus, this SPP does not need a tower with a steam generator tank. The cost of one kilowatt of installed capacity has been reduced by 1 times compared to Solar-4, the cost of a kilowatt-hour of generated energy has approached that characteristic of coal-fired power plants.

At SPP "Almeria" (Spain), liquid sodium is used as a coolant in the primary circuit of the steam generator at the top of the solar tower, and ordinary water is used in the secondary circuit. In the SES variant, developed in Germany, the sun's rays heat compressed air up to 800 ° C, which drives a gas turbine. The heat of the air exhausted in the gas turbine plant is then used in the steam turbine cycle. As a result, the efficiency of using the heat of sunlight increases.

A number of steam turbine solar power plants of various capacities were built in France and Italy. SES projects with closed gas turbine plants are being developed, in which helium is the working fluid. Parameters of the helium coolant in front of the turbine: temperature about 600°C, pressure 0,8 MPa; the design efficiency of the units is about 25%.

Author: Labeish V.G.

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