Organization of 1-Wire-systems. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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The following options for organizing single-wire systems are possible.

1. Computer and one device ML##

2. Computer and multiple devices ML##

3. Computer and set of geographically dispersed devices ML##

4. Computer and problematic lines based on geographically dispersed devices ML##

5. Computer and several single-wire branches with ML## devices

6. Strict implementation of a common bus for problematic 1-Wire systems based on multiple devices ML##

7. 1-Wire systems driven by microcontroller devices

8. Combined solutions using distributed microcontroller devices

9. Local 1-Wire subsystems as part of traditional automation systems

10. 1-Wire systems based on TINI-board

11. Programming 1-Wire systems

1. Computer and one device ML##

The simplest option for building a single-wire system is to pair a personal computer, which acts as a master 1-Wire-line, with one functional device ML##. In this case, the personal computer is equipped with an adapter of type ML97#-## or type ML94#. The ML97#-## adapter connects to a PC via any free serial COM port, and the ML94# adapter via a USB port. The adapter and the ML## device are connected to each other using a conventional flat four-wire telephone cable, which is equipped with standard telephone plugs (jacks) of the RJ11 (6p4c) type at both ends. Such a connection is extremely simple due to the presence, in the designs of each of the adapters, and of any type of single-wire ML## device, receiving RJ11 sockets (6p4c). The laying of such a communication line should be carried out as far as possible from power wires, electromagnetic fields and have a predominantly linear topology. The construction of such a system is permissible provided that the single-wire ML## device used can operate on parasitic power or its consumption via the external power bus EXT_POWER does not exceed 4mA. The length of a single-wire line in this case can be ~50 80 m. Example: temperature control at one point using any of the ML20# digital thermometers, or simultaneous control of temperature, relative humidity and light level by pairing a computer with the ML38H microsystem.

2. Computer and multiple devices ML##

More complex is the variant of a multipoint 1-Wire network, which is acceptable when organizing a system from a small number of ML## functional devices (up to 20 pieces). A personal computer equipped with one of the 1-Wire-line adapters of type ML97#-## or type ML94# also acts as the master single-wire system. However, in this case, the adapter is connected by the same telephone cable to several 1-Wire slave components implemented on the basis of ML## functional devices of various types, which can operate either on parasitic power or using the EXT_POWER external power bus, if their total consumption in any operating mode of the system does not exceed 4mA. More precisely, the ML97#-## adapter (or ML94#) is connected directly to only one receiving socket of the ML## single-wire device closest to it. However, the presence in the structure of any ML## functional device of two RJ11 (6p4c) receiving connectors connected in parallel, located at the end of their housing, makes it easy to implement the structure of a single-wire line in the form of a common bus. This is achievable by connecting individual ML## functional devices to each other with segments of a flat telephone cable of the required length, designed at both ends with standard telephone plugs (jacks) of the RJ11 (6p4c) type. The total length of the 1-Wire-line in this case can be ~ 50m, with the number of used ML## devices up to 20pcs. Example: multi-point temperature control using several digital thermometers of the ML20# family.

3. Computer and set of geographically dispersed devices ML##

When constructing charged single-wire systems (60 100 m) containing a large number of ML## devices (30 50 pcs) of the most diverse class, one of the conductors of the 1-Wire-main, which is allocated as a separate external power bus EXT_POWER, is supplied with energy from the network unit power supply class ML00#-xx-###. The voltage level of the external power supplied to such a network is chosen to be much higher than the level required to power any components included in the ML## devices, which is permissible due to the presence of special external power conversion units in the circuit of these devices. The connection of the 1-Wire-line with the power supply unit is carried out either thanks to special splitters of the RJ11 system telephone sockets, or through free receiving sockets of any of the ML## devices that are part of the single-wire system being formed. The presence of additional energy in a 1-Wire line can significantly improve its overall noise immunity, including through the use of terminators included at the end of such a single-wire line. To implement the terminator functions, any label containing a built-in passive data bus pull-up node can be used. The ML01 or ML02 are recommended as passive pull-up terminators.

4. Computer and problematic lines based on geographically dispersed ML## devices.

In real work with 1-Wire networks, there are often situations associated with the need to ensure the operation of a large number of ML## devices (up to 100 pieces), on long highways (up to 300m) with complex geometry, operating in conditions of strong interference passing near power switching equipment, laid with low-quality cable, without strict adherence to the common bus topology. Such lines are classified as problematic in 1-Wire technology, and special hardware and software methods are being developed to ensure their operation.

First of all, if you encounter problems with the transfer of information in such single-wire structures, you should use software methods for servicing single-wire elements, which can be implemented by choosing the optimal operating mode for each specific situation of the DS2480B chips for the COM port or DS2490 for the USB port. These hardware drivers are specifically designed to handle extended 1-Wire lines and are an integral part of any ML97#-## or ML94# adapter, respectively. With their help, a mechanism of controlled active pull-up of the data line is implemented, and it is also possible to change the timing and shape of the signal fronts on the slave 1-Wire-trunk, which allows optimizing the operation of the adapter used when servicing single-wire lines with individual parameters.

The ML97G type adapter, which is also based on the DS2480B chip, also provides reliable galvanic isolation between the computer ground, usually galvanically connected to the mains neutral, and the return wire of the 1-Wire-main, which greatly reduces the likelihood of unstable operation of a problematic single-wire line built on the basis of devices ML##. In addition, the use of an ML97G galvanic separation adapter insures a personal computer against accidental entry into its circuit through a 1-Wire mains voltage, which is especially important when working with devices such as ML07S, ML90S or ML06IAA.

The use at the very beginning (right next to the computer) of the line, led by an adapter with a software-controlled active pull-up, of a specialized tag of the ML02a type, containing a special additional matching RC circuit that provides damping of reflected signals in a single-wire trunk, can significantly stabilize the operation of the problematic 1- Wire systems.

Another effective method of increasing the reliability of problematic 1-Wire lines is the use of specialized single-wire signal restorer circuits implemented in the ML02S and ML02M devices. The use of such circuitry techniques is possible due to the presence of a separate EXT_POWER external power bus in the single-wire line, which is used by the active pull-up unit built into these devices to amplify the fading signal of the problem line. Such a decision implies an empirical search for the most optimal connection point for the ML02S and ML02M devices along the entire 1-Wire line. The location of this point depends on a large number of factors, and above all, on the geometry and topology, which are individual in the implementation of each specific single-wire system. In addition, in some cases, it is possible to turn on several reducing devices distributed along the entire length of the 1-Wire line.

However, the most effective today is the use of a unique LINK adapter (or ML1L according to the NTL ElIn classification) to service problematic 97-Wire networks. This device, thanks to its own built-in intellectual resources, implements a preferential mode of operation of ML## devices on long overloaded lines in a difficult interference environment. The device greatly improves the operation of the active pull-up mechanism, which makes it possible to obtain truly ideal exchange signals with trunk cable lengths of more than 300m, through which 100 or more ML## devices are supported. The use of digital filtering algorithms greatly improves the resistance of a serviced single-wire system to electromagnetic interference, as well as reflections and disturbances that occur in problematic 1-Wire networks.

5. Computer and several single-wire branches with ML## devices.

Quite often, when implementing complex 1-Wire systems, there are situations when the topology of the line is such that when it is implemented as a common bus, the length of the trunk significantly exceeds the total length compared to the option of building the system in the form of individual beams. In this case, to organize the system, it is convenient to use special 1-Wire line branching devices or couplers of the ML09 type, as well as single-wire switching elements of the ML07 type. Using a similar approach, it is possible to organize such a reconfigurable system, when only one of the segments of the serviced network can be connected to the master at any given time. This significantly reduces the load on the line as a whole (the number of connected subscribers, the linear capacity of the cable, the total resistance of the information channel and the total insulation leakage) and, in general, accordingly reduces the likelihood of ambiguous situations. In this case, two options for implementing such a structure are possible: using ML09 branchers to interrupt the DATA data bus, and using ML07 keys to interrupt the RETURN return bus. The first option seems to be more preferable, because when it is implemented, all ML## devices that are part of any local branch, but disconnected from the main trunk, always have an external power supply, and are therefore functional. In addition, when using ML09 couplers, it is possible to implement nested multi-level branches, signaling to the master about an emergency condition on a branch disconnected from the main trunk, as well as organizing external power supply for all single-wire ML## devices of any local branch from a separate power source.

In addition, the use of ML09 couplers allows you to organize a targeted reaction of the system, for example, upon presentation of an iButton identification device. Indeed, if the program of the master computer of a 1-Wire network, composed of ML19S receivers connected to a common trunk through individual ML09 branches, scans the line for the presence of a neutablet, opening access to each of the receivers in turn, then a clear fixation of the address is possible, and, consequently, the territorial position of the receiver to which the identifier is brought.

6. Strict implementation of a common bus for problematic 1-Wire systems based on multiple ML## devices.

Another option to increase the reliability and noise immunity of operation for overloaded single-wire systems based on many ML## devices (up to 100 pieces), having a large length (up to 200m) and complex topology, as well as passing through strong interference zones, is to use special implementation methods 1 -Wire-bus, built with strict observance of the common line architecture. At the same time, a common continuous trunk of the network is distinguished, which is laid with a high-quality UPT twisted-pair cable of a high category (not lower than the fifth), but it is better to use an IEEE1394 (Firewire) cable. In case of high intensity of electromagnetic interference, it is recommended to use a wire in a grounded shield. Any single-wire ML## device is connected to such a trunk through a separate RJ45 class socket (for example, KRONE (single or double)), which does not interrupt the monotonous laying of the trunk cable for organizing any branch. At the same time, each of the conductors of the cable-barrel is pierced (terminated) inside such an outlet using a special knife-edge connector without breaking the core, diverting the signal to the outputs of the built-in standard RJ45 socket-jack (8p8c), to which then, using a separate patch cable , no longer than 0,5 m, a single-wire device ML## is connected. Such a patch cable can be decorated on both sides with RJ11 system plugs (they are also quite securely fixed in RJ45 sockets), or it can be terminated asymmetrically - at one end an RJ45 plug, at the other an RJ11 plug. Both flat telephone cable and UPT twisted-pair cable of the fifth category can be used as a patch cable material.

If a shielded cable is used, then the cord holding the shielding foil is connected to the shield of each socket with a screw, and also connected to an available reliable physical ground terminal, but only at one single point for the entire 1-Wire system.

When organizing such a bus, it is especially important to correctly supply external power to the 1-Wire line, taking into account the fact that a significant total current can flow through the trunk of a single-wire trunk, which provides power to the internal nodes of many ML## devices, as well as the external ones they serve. devices. For this purpose, a separate terminal or junction box is usually used, which is placed at the beginning of the line, next to the master connection socket. In such a box, the poles of the output cable of the power supply are connected securely, under a screw or by soldering, with the return bus and the external power bus of the formed 1-Wire-main. When building a system using the technology of piercing or pressing a common cable-trunk without breaking each of its cores, significant total currents can circulate through the external power bus and return bus, while only a small amount of current flows to each of the subscribers. component of the total current, which, as a rule, does not require ultra-low impedance in the region of interface with a common trunk. With a similar structure of a single-wire line, all the techniques listed in clause 2, clause 3, clause 4, clause 5 can be organically combined.

7. 1-Wire systems driven by microcontroller devices.

When implementing on the basis of ML## devices any of the variants of 1-Wire systems listed in clause 1 of clause 6, not only a personal computer, but also an inexpensive microcontroller unit can be used as the host network, which in general significantly reduces the overall the cost of such development. If the system is built on the basis of one of the microcontroller units of the ML98# type, then it can operate by receiving energy for its own power supply, as well as power supply for the ML## devices connected to the 1-Wire line serviced by such a device, from an external transformer source ML00#- xx-###. At the same time, under the control of a specially prepared program, flashed "in the internal memory of the microcontroller, which is the core of the ML98# block of any modification, and acts as a 1-Wire network master, for example, maintaining the temperature settings previously entered by the user from the keyboard of this Efficient active pull-up unit, built into any of the ML98# units, and special programming methods allow you to maintain reliable operation on fairly long (up to 50m) and loaded single-wire lines (up to 50 ML## devices).

Handheld computers (otherwise referred to as Personal Digital Assistant (hereinafter simply PDA)) can be successfully used as a master of a stand-alone 1-Wire network. NTL ElIn supplies ML97P-### adapters, which are based on DS2480B chips and are intended for organizing single-wire systems based on PalmOS PDA platform. At the same time, ML## devices driven by a pocket computer also receive energy from it, which requires special programming techniques that ensure economical consumption of batteries. But not every low-power single-wire system can operate completely autonomously. So if a mini-network built on the basis of a pocket computer, for example, accumulates information from several ML20# digital thermometers in the PDA's non-volatile memory, the question arises of transferring the data collected in this way. The process of sampling information recorded by such a system can be implemented under the control of a 1-Wire-leading pocket computer, and carried out periodically using a transport tablet "of one modification or another, which has a built-in non-volatile memory of a large capacity. The class of such devices includes, for example, devices iButton type DS1996 or type DS1977. The data obtained from all temperature tablets "included in the system can then be easily transferred from the memory of the transport tablet" to the memory of a personal computer, for example, using the stationary iButton device support complex, elin.ru/1 -Wire/08.htm In the same way, internal settings (including synchronization of the calendar and real time clock), and even the operation algorithm of the PDA (or microprocessor unit) - master of the 1-Wire network, can be changed.

To provide information contact between the "transport tablet" and a single-wire line driven by a microcontroller unit or a pocket computer, the system must include a special ML19S receiving device that provides information contact with iButton devices. An alternative to this device is a universal system input node for master devices equipped with ML19R iButton Receiving Tablet Servicing Probes. With the help of such devices integrated into single-wire 1-Wire networks, it is possible to solve problems: by writing to the system or reading from it large volumes of information when the capacity of the iButton family transport tablets is not enough. Wire-network composed of several single-wire loggers (for example, TERMOCHRON (DS1) devices), including programming their settings, restarting and reading the information they have accumulated. Moreover, such a network does not need any separate master, its role can be performed by a stand-alone device equipped with a special receiving probe, immediately at the moment of its contact with the 1921-Wire system through the ML1R device.To interface DS19 devices packed in MicroCAN cases with a 1921-Wire network, it is convenient to use ML1F devices, inside which not only these temperature loggers, but also any other iButton tablets.

8. Combined solutions using distributed microcontroller devices.

The most rational approach, when implementing single-wire automation systems built on the basis of ML## devices, is the use of networks with a combined structure. Examples of such implementations can be systems organized on the basis of microcontroller blocks ML98D or ML92. With this approach, each of the ML98D or ML92 devices is, on the one hand, the master of the local 1-Wire branch, which serves several ML## functional devices implemented according to any of the schemes described in clause 1 6. On the other hand, each of the ML98D modules or ML92 may be a subscriber of a higher-level information network organized on the principles of, for example, the CAN standard, elin.ru/uso_rs.htm.

Thus, the microcontroller control program for each ML98D or ML92 block must provide information exchange between the slow "slave local 1-Wire branches, and the faster" and more reliable network CAN structure of the upper level, which in turn interfaces with a personal computer that performs the functions :

• providing a human-machine interface,
• formation of control settings,
• archiving the collected information.

In this case, the computer is equipped with an intelligent system CAN bus adapter of the CCA# type and is an equal participant in such a network. With such a system organization, the most optimal combination is provided between geographically concentrated service objects, which are characterized by an individual variety of functional requirements, implemented by interfacing with a variety of "slow" ML## devices driven by local 1-Wire branches, and widely dispersed subscribers of a more noise-resistant and fast" network, which ensures the greatest reliability of information exchange in practical implementations. The CAN system trunk can be laid in this case in accordance with the provisions detailed in the "Interfaces" section, elin.ru/uso_rs.htm.

9. Local 1-Wire subsystems as part of traditional automation systems.

When building traditional automation systems that have a concentrated structure associated with the peculiarities of placing equipment in racks (cabinets) and crates (blocks) of the USO, single-wire structures organized on the basis of one or more ML## devices can be used to solve individual local subtasks. At the same time, one or more smart boards of controllers-leading 1-Wire-branches are integrated into the traditional system structure, which provide an information interface between the resources of the main system (usually using standard peripheral interfaces such as SPI or I2C) and a local single-wire line that decides any particular subtasks. Example: a water flow control subsystem in a water cooling system implemented using two-channel ML23 meters that act as flow meters due to automatic counting of the number of operations of reed switches of vortex-type water meters, or a subsystem for measuring the cold junction temperature of thermoelectric converters based on ML20# digital thermometers placed directly in thermocouple compensation boxes.

10. 1-Wire systems based on TINI-board.

The most modern solution to date for the implementation of a remote single-wire network built on the basis of ML## devices is a 1-Wire bus, organized according to one of the schemes described in clause 1, clause 6, and driven by a TINI board (Tiny InterNet Interface ), elin.ru/TINI/index.htm. TINI or TINI-board is a unique tool supplied by Dallas Semiconductor Corp. and provides the ability to integrate 1-Wire structures, CAN bus and the Internet. Since the TINI-board contains a high-performance microcontroller, to the serial port of which a single-wire bus hardware driver is connected, it can act as a master of 1-Wire networks, including those that require an active data bus pull-up for their maintenance.

To ensure operation, the TINI-board must be installed in a special TINI SLOT of the ML-TS-###-### type, which performs the functions of interfacing with a single-wire line, as well as protection against possible collisions on it, ensures the connection of this board to a personal computer required to load the control program into it, supplies it with energy from an external power supply.

From the Internet side, TINI-board can be used:

- either as a real-time web server that displays information recorded by ML## devices at the time of an Internet user's request,

- either as a gateway between a single-wire system and an intermediate web server on the Internet, which provides automatic visualization and archiving of information available to other Internet users,

- or as a device-logger that accumulates data in its own memory and then sends them at the request of a legal computer connected to the Internet.

11. Programming 1-Wire-systems.

An important issue in the organization of a 1-Wire network of any configuration, including those built on the basis of ML## devices, is the solution of the problem of preparing and implementing a program that controls it. The manufacturer of single-wire components is Dallas Semiconductor Corp. tries to practice in its activities an approach in which the consumer pays only for the cost of chips and ready-made hardware solutions, while gaining access to free, freely distributed software support tools. However, it should be borne in mind that it is unrealistic to prepare software development tools for the entire range of types and models of personal computers, PDAs and microcontrollers produced today in the world. Therefore, Dallas Semiconductor Corp. provides support tools for the most common solutions, architectures, operating environments, and platforms used by the majority of single-wire component users.

So for almost any 1-Wire system implemented on the basis of a PC-class personal computer equipped with the Windows operating system and any ML## adapter, freely distributed Dallas Semiconductor Corp. can be used as a test debugging tool. iButton Viewer or OneWireViewer wrapper programs that support the operation and visual interface for the vast majority of one-wire components and ML## devices. Even if the designed 1-Wire system should be serviced by a non-personal computer, using the iButton Viewer or OneWireViewer programs will always make sure that the built single-wire line and all individual devices on it work in accordance with the descriptions on them. Since the iButton Viewer or OneWireViewer programs do not allow you to change the parameters of active pullup chips, which are based on most ML OEM adapters, it is convenient to use separate line32 or tmline utilities specially designed for this purpose together.

However, the most optimal tool for supporting single-wire systems based on ML## devices is the specialized debug package MLex, which implements support and diagnostics, as well as visual support for single-wire elements and automation devices connected via one of the serial ports to a standard personal computer such as PC. MLex has many advantages over the standard iButton Viewer or OneWireViewer from Dallas Semiconductor Corp., which are overloaded with iButton tracking features at the expense of supporting single-wire network-oriented components. In addition, the MLex package allows you to implement all the specific functions of specific ML OEM devices that are not supported at all by iButton Viewer or OneWireViewer.

When creating your own program for PC-based 1-Wire systems, it is convenient to use the universal iButton TMEX SDK package, which is a set of software applications for supporting single-wire devices under Windows. Any of these applications can be called through a standard API interface directly from a user program written in any modern programming language. A detailed description of the functions of the iButton TMEX SDK package can be obtained from the detailed instructions.

If, however, software development is not under Windows, and not even for a personal computer PC, Dallas Semiconductor Corp. offers as part of the 1-Wire Net Public Domain Kit project a set of libraries of compact source code for supporting the 1-Wire protocol. The code is designed to run in C" and provides support for platforms not covered by the TMEX SDK, namely: Linux, DOS, Win16, Win32, PalmOS, Handspring, WinCE/PocketPC, MCS-51 clone microcontrollers. In the case when the service program 1 -Wire-networks should be developed for a master that is not related to any of the above platforms and architectures, it should, using all the capabilities of a computing tool, independently implement the main provisions of the 1-Wire protocol, including using the resources of the library of code examples compiled by in the "Software Support" section, elin.ru/1-Wire/08.htm.

Such independent work on the implementation of the software of a particular single-wire system has a number of undeniable advantages. For example, in the case of a problematic single-wire line, due to the software delaying of the fronts and individual phases of the 1-Wire protocol, as well as using majority selections, it is possible to significantly increase the reliability and stability of the single-wire network without using additional hardware, but only due to the features and techniques of the software service. Another typical example is writing a program for a PDA, when, along with the implementation of the 1-Wire protocol, it is necessary to use special algorithmic techniques that ensure the conservation of the energy consumed by a single-wire adapter from the batteries of the pocket computer to which it is connected. Software products for 1-Wire applications implemented in the Java language are being developed jointly by Dallas Semiconductor Corp. and Sun Microsystems Inc. All of them are based on the JavaT API library, which is the main platform for developing applications to support 1-Wire devices using the Java VM. Currently, similar products are available to developers within platforms: Win32, Linux, Solaris, Dallas Semiconductor's for TINI. The last circumstance is the most significant, because Thanks to significant computing resources, the TINI-board runs under a specially developed operating system, which includes support for TCP/IP and Java VM. At the same time, today there is already a whole set of freely available procedures for supporting single-wire components, and hence ML## devices that are implemented on their basis, which greatly simplifies the organization of interaction on a serviced 1-Wire-main line of a slave TINI-board.

All of the software products listed above are freely available from the "Software Support" page, elin.ru/1-Wire/08.htm.

Publication: cxem.net

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