Photovoltaic systems with a battery. Scheme, description

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Photovoltaic systems with a battery. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources

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Simple solutions have certain drawbacks. The most important of them is that a photovoltaic pump or air conditioner can only work during the daytime and in the light of the sun. To compensate for this shortcoming, a battery is connected to the system. It is charged by a solar generator, stores energy and makes it available at any time. Even in the most adverse conditions and in remote locations, photovoltaic energy stored in batteries can power the necessary equipment. Thanks to the accumulation of electricity, photovoltaic systems provide a reliable source of power day and night, in any weather. Battery-powered photovoltaic systems power lighting, sensors, sound recording equipment, household appliances, telephones, televisions and power tools around the world.

The solar module generates direct current, usually 12V. There are many electrical appliances - lamps, TVs, refrigerators, fans, tools, etc., that operate on 12V DC. However, most household electrical appliances still use 110 or 220 In AC. Battery photovoltaic systems can be adapted to power AC or DC equipment. Those who wish to use conventional AC appliances must add to the system, between the battery and the load, a power control unit - the so-called inverter. Although some energy is lost in the process of converting direct current to alternating current, thanks to the inverter, photovoltaic energy can be used on an equal basis with the usual utility power supply (powering household appliances, lighting fixtures or computers).

The system is arranged as follows: the photovoltaic module is connected to the battery, and that, in turn, to the load. During the daytime, photovoltaic modules charge the battery. Energy is supplied to the load as needed. Using a simple charge controller, the battery is charged to the required degree. At the same time, its life is extended, protection against overload and full discharge is provided. The battery is able to expand the scope of the photovoltaic panel, but requires some maintenance. Photovoltaic batteries are similar to car batteries. Like car batteries, they require care in handling and storage. It is necessary to periodically check the liquid level in leaking batteries, in addition, they must be protected from low temperatures.

A solar generator with a battery provides the user with electricity when it is needed. The amount of stored electricity depends on the power of the photovoltaic modules and on the type of battery. Expanding the module or adding batteries increases the cost of the system, so power consumption must be carefully considered to determine the optimal system size. A well-designed system determines the optimal balance of cost and convenience in meeting the user's electrical needs, as well as the ability to expand the system.

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