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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Passive solar systems. Thermal insulation. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources In general, building materials can be divided into two main groups: bulk materials and reflective foil laminates. The first group includes insulating materials that use the thermal resistance of air located between the fibers or in the cells of the foam structure of materials (usually made of plastic such as polystyrene foam and polyurethane foam). The second group of materials reflects radiant energy from an object or protected surface using a film. Thermal insulation of building exteriors is an important component of energy efficiency. Managing the heat flow through the building's external structure is key to the successful design of energy efficient buildings. If the building is not properly insulated, the received solar energy can be easily lost. It has already been noted that some materials have a much higher thermal resistance per unit volume than others, regardless of their density. The fact that air itself is a good insulator, especially if the airspace is bounded by a shiny foil surface, can be helpful in limiting the penetration of solar radiation into a building. Охлаждение In many countries, passive solar buildings require cooling as well as heating. One of the best proven methods of cooling is the deepening of the building relative to the ground. The effect obtained from deepening the first floor even one meter into the ground is quite large. A properly chosen building design, drainage and moisture resistance are the conditions that must be observed when building underground. Thermal insulation is the best and most economical way to control the temperature inside a building. The thermal mass of the earth and good insulation are able to maintain a reasonable air temperature in the house. External and internal window shading, ventilation and reflective films on windows are also very important elements in managing the temperature in a building. External shading devices Exterior window shading is an effective cooling measure as it blocks both direct and indirect sunlight from outside. The shading screen is a tightly woven product that blocks up to 70% of all sunlight. Such screens absorb sunlight, so they must be installed on the outside of the window. From the outside, they look a little darker than regular blinds, but from the inside, most people won't be able to tell the difference. Screens can also serve as protection against insects. In winter, they need to be removed so that all the sunlight can enter the room through the windows. A more expensive alternative to a fiberglass screen is a thin metal screen that blocks sunlight but still allows you to see outside. Decorative hinged exterior shutters covering windows are also a great option for blackouts. However, they block the view from the window, completely block out daylight, they are expensive, and for many families they are inconvenient for daily use. Internal shading devices Shading devices installed inside the home include curtains, roller blinds, and window blinds. Indoor shading devices are generally less effective ways of cooling because they block out sunlight that has already entered the room. However, if windows do not have external shading devices, internal ones must be used. The most effective are dense shading devices with a reflective surface facing outward. In fact, plain white curtains keep the house cooler than more expensive blinds that lack a solid surface, allowing heat to enter the home through the blinds. Reflective films Reflective film that sticks to glass is most commonly used in commercial buildings and can block up to 85% of sunlight. The film blocks sunlight throughout the year, so this type of shading is not suitable for south-facing windows in passive solar homes. However, reflective films can be applied to windows facing east and west. These films are not recommended for partially shaded windows as the film absorbs sunlight and the glass will heat up unevenly. This can lead to the fact that it will crack and the sealing of the double-glazed window will collapse. Ventilation Ventilation is the exchange of air in buildings to maintain the amount of oxygen, heat and reduce the amount of harmful impurities. Ventilation can be done in several ways. The movement of air flows is influenced by the orientation of the building, its shape and plan, as well as the human factor. Natural ventilation does not require any energy and is not expensive to operate, but it is weather dependent and difficult to control. Mechanical ventilation and air conditioning, which is an alternative to natural ventilation, requires electricity. The choice of ventilation method is usually dictated by the type of building, its location and function. Air conditioners can be very effective as a supplement to natural ventilation. Mechanical ventilation includes fans and fume hoods, commonly used in confined spaces such as kitchens.
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