Great future for small hydropower. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
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Small Hydropower: New Opportunities for Business and Regional Development
It is customary to classify a wide range of hydropower facilities of various types with an installed capacity of less than 25 MW, including mini-HPPs with an installed capacity of less than 5 MW and very small micro-HPPs with a capacity of 3 kW to 1 MW, to small hydropower. The fundamental difference between small-scale and conventional power generation is that there is no need to build large hydrotechnical facilities, which simplifies construction and licensing.
Currently, a third of electricity based on renewable energy sources (RES) is generated at SHPPs, that is, about 3 billion kWh, this is the reason for the interest in SHPPs from the Ministry of Energy and RusHydro, as a source that has proven its effectiveness in Russian conditions.
Regulatory and legal framework
Today, a system of incentives for investing in alternative energy is being developed, the principles of which are outlined in a government decree dated January 8, 2009. N 1-p "The main directions of state policy in the field of increasing the energy efficiency of the electric power industry based on the use of renewable energy sources for the period up to 2020", as well as a number of other legislative acts. For small hydropower, these principles take the following form:
- Surcharge of 2,28 rubles. to the price of the wholesale market for each kWh of electricity (It is planned to use a surcharge for grid-operated SHPPs, but AEnergy.ru is convinced that a surcharge should also be used for autonomous SHPPs)
- Compensation for technological connection to the network
- Participation of interested funds in the authorized capital of projects at the construction stage, with the subsequent sale of their share
- Federal targeted programs to finance infrastructure costs associated with the construction of SHPP
In general, it is worth noting the insufficient development of the regulatory framework in the field of regulating and stimulating the development of small hydropower, however, the planned improvement of the legislation should solve this problem. Significant steps from the Government of the Russian Federation can be expected in the very near future.
Promising regions of development and technological limitations
Even without surcharges, the development of small hydropower is currently promising in areas with a high density of hydropower resources (mainly mountainous areas) and a low density of electricity networks (primarily areas without the possibility of connecting to a centralized network).
Source: IEA "Renewables in Russia: from opportunity to reality"
Regionally, these are:
- Republics of the North Caucasus: Dagestan, Chechnya, Ingushetia, Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia, Adygea; Stavropol and Krasnodar Territories, where potential users are farms, tourist camps and entire settlements
- Karelia, Leningrad and Murmansk regions, where tourist stations and logging bases are interested in the development of SHPP
- A wide range of consumers in the Middle Urals, South Siberia, the Baikal region and the Far East.
Source: New Energy Foundation
Subject to the introduction of legislative methods of incentives, in view of the sufficient flexibility of technological schemes and solutions, the installation of SHPPs is limited by the presence of water bodies in these regions. Small hydropower, due to low water consumption, is less dependent on the nature of the seasonal distribution of runoff. Thus, SHPPs are a serious competitor in the niche currently occupied by diesel generators and mini thermal power plants.
Attractive market today
Equipment for SHPPs on the Russian market is offered by both domestic and foreign companies from China and Germany. Imported equipment is subject to a customs duty of 16%. The price of an installed kW varies from $500 to $2000 and is related to the terms of the project and the type of SHPP. The construction of large facilities with a capacity of several MW and generation of several tens of millions of kWh per year takes from 15 to 18 months. Relatively high capital expenditures and a significant period of project implementation are paid off by the extremely low price of generated electricity - from 0,45 rubles. per kWh in the conditions of the North Caucasus, up to 1 rub. kWh in other regions.
These indicators ensure the payback period of 2-12 years for projects in the field of small hydropower without the use of a premium (the period varies depending on the capacity of the facility), and will be less than 4 years for all projects, if an incentive system is introduced. This makes small hydropower one of the most promising sources of electricity based on RES. A small amount of investment, a quick payback and planned assistance from interested funds opens up new opportunities for small and medium-sized businesses to develop energy projects.
Publication: AEnergy.ru
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