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AT LEISURE
To help the erudite. Database on the history, geography, biology, science, technology, sport, culture, traditions of the peoples of the world. According to the materials of the press and the Internet.
Switzerland, France and Italy may be left without their ski resorts. According to the forecast of the French National Center for Meteorology, between 2050 and 2060, the snow season at altitudes of about 1800 meters will be reduced by one and a half to two months. The Swiss company Ikotec has launched the production of polymer propellers reinforced with carbon fiber. Such a screw is two times lighter than titanium and four times lighter than steel, moreover, it is stronger. But they are also much more expensive than traditional ones, so for now plastic screws will be used only in space and aviation technology. The Swiss company Presmatec is going to start producing microchips the size of a small coin to record basic medical data about a person: blood type, allergic reactions, intolerance to certain drugs, chronic diseases, and so on. Information will be recorded in the five main languages of the world. The microchip can be worn on a chain, on a bracelet or glued to the back of a watch. If necessary, emergency physicians will read this medical record using a handheld device. Swiss engineers have proposed a system that signals the emptying of a shelf with goods in a self-service store. The shelf is coated with two layers of electrically conductive paint with a thin layer of insulating foam plastic in between. When a customer removes an item from a shelf, the electrical capacitance of the system changes and a signal is sent to the warehouse - to replenish the display of goods. Swiss paleontologists have found a four-millimeter piece of cobweb in a piece of amber from Lebanon. This fragment is 130 million years old. Although the earliest fossils of spiders equipped with spider glands are 410 million years old, biologists have never seen such an ancient web. It is no different from today. The Swiss are the most inventive nation in the world. There are 2286 patents per million inhabitants of Switzerland. The closest competitors are the Dutch (1427 patents per million population), the South Koreans (1139) and the Japanese (1118). It is believed that increased ingenuity is associated with the lack of minerals and access to the sea in Switzerland, which does not allow the development of either serious industry or trade. You have to lean on ingenuity. Sweden intends to completely get rid of the use of oil by 2020. An important role in this should be played by ethyl alcohol obtained from waste wood processing. Now there are 500 dispensers in the country where a car can be filled with alcohol or its mixture with gasoline, and by 2009 a network of such dispensers will spread throughout the country. Automotive firms SAAB and Volvo are already producing models that can run on alcohol. Toronto economists, comparing years of data on the rise and fall of stock prices on the eight largest stock exchanges in the world with the weather in their respective cities, found that stocks rise at low temperatures and fall at high temperatures. This is true in every country, from Taiwan to Sweden and from Australia to the USA. A special rise is noted on the stock exchanges in record cold winters. An expedition of German oceanologists on board the Meteor discovered a huge underwater canyon on the ocean floor off the coast of Mauritania. At a depth of 3000 meters, a crevice 2-3 kilometers wide goes into the ocean floor for about 300 meters and stretches for 800 kilometers. Until now, a flat bottom is depicted on the maps of this area. UN experts have published a report on the results of a survey of drinking water quality in 122 countries around the world. The cleanest water is in Finland. It is followed by Canada, New Zealand, Britain and Japan. Russia is in seventh place. Oddly enough, Belgium is in last place in this indicator. Cleaner water is drunk even in India, Sudan and Rwanda. South American capuchin monkeys use a large centipede that lives in termite mounds to repel mosquitoes and flies. To prevent termites from biting it, it produces two compounds whose smell repels insects. Monkeys catch such centipedes and rub their fur with them. The South Korean company Samsung has developed an ultra-short kinescope for digital TVs. A conventional 32-inch (81 cm) kinescope is 50-60 cm deep, while a new tube is less than 40 cm. Mass production will begin in 2005. South Korean physicists have turned a microscopic drop of water into ice at room temperature by subjecting it to an electric field with a strength of one million volts per meter. The poison of the Chilean tarantula consists of 150 components, and one of them can serve as a cure for a heart attack, and possibly for brain tumors. Japan has been a space power for 30 years, but has not yet used space for military purposes. However, in the spring of 2003, the Japanese launched two spy satellites. The Japanese company JVC began to produce a TV remote control with a built-in speaker. This is convenient in cases where the room is noisy, and only one person wants to watch TV. The Japanese firm NEC has developed a battery that charges in 30 seconds. According to the firm, it is based on organic radicals. The capacity is not less than that of batteries of known systems. The new battery may go on sale in 2-3 years and will be used in portable computers and cell phones. The Japanese firm Daikin designed an air conditioner that sets the temperature in a room based on the results of measuring the skin temperature of the people in it. To do this, however, you need to wear a ring with a temperature sensor on your finger, which transmits its measurements to the air conditioner with an infrared beam. The Japanese company Matsushita intends to produce microwave-powered light bulbs by 2001. Radio waves of the same frequency as in microwave ovens (2,5 gigahertz) excite the glow of a mixture of indium and bromine compounds. There is nothing to burn out in such a lamp, and it lasts 60 hours. The Japanese company Matsushita-Kotobuki began producing computer disk drives capable of recording 3,5 megabytes of information on a regular 32-inch floppy disk instead of 1,44 megabytes. The Japanese company Sanyo has launched a washing machine in which linen is washed by ultrasound and electrolysis. Ultrasonic waves separate dirt from laundry, and active oxygen produced by electrolysis oxidizes it and turns it into colorless compounds. However, for heavily soiled items of clothing, you still have to add washing powder. The Japanese company Sanyo has launched a washing machine that does not need washing powder. Dirt is removed by ultrasound and then destroyed by electrolysis. The novelty is sold so far only in Japan. The Japanese firm Toshiba released the first water-cooled portable computer. The copper tube with water transfers heat from the microprocessor to the metal chassis of the computer, where the heat is dissipated. The Japanese firm Honda has created a green internal combustion engine, the level of harmful emissions from which is ten times lower than allowed by the most stringent modern standards. This was achieved mainly due to the computer, which strictly monitors the combustion process in the cylinders and optimizes it. Japanese biologists have discovered that the movement of mimosa leaves is provided by the same actin protein that works in the muscles of animals. Japanese biologists have discovered that when the neurons of the brain work, they produce a certain amount of hydrogen sulfide. It helps neurons send signals to each other. It turned out that in Alzheimer's disease, the amount of hydrogen sulfide in the brain is greatly reduced. Japanese biochemists have deciphered the structure of the pigment that makes blue cornflower flowers. Pigment protocyanin consists of six molecules of blue anthocyanin pigment, six molecules of yellow - flavone and metal ions - two calcium ions and one each of iron and magnesium. The Japanese authorities closed one of the new nuclear power plants after it was proved that in the area of its location in the future there is a two percent probability of a strong earthquake. Japanese geneticists transplanted a maize gene into potatoes, which enhances the plant's ability to absorb nitrogen from the soil. The experiments have not yet gone beyond the laboratory. v Employees of the Institute for Solar Energy Systems (Freiburg, Germany) have developed a method for the production of low-cost silicon polycrystalline solar cells with an efficiency of more than 20%. The technological secret is in the selection of a special temperature regime in the production process. Japanese geneticists, comparing the DNA of modern elephants with the preserved mammoth DNA, found that the Indian elephant is closer to the mammoth than to its African relative. Japanese engineers have created an ultra-sensitive ammeter capable of detecting the passage of a single electron through an electrical circuit. In conventional units of current, this is approximately one attoampere, that is, 10-18 amperes. Japanese scientists have grown a crystal of niobium selenide in the form of a Mobius strip with a diameter of a human hair. Japanese physicists have created an atomic clock that is 10 times more accurate than all previous models. The new clock can fall behind or run ahead by a second in only a billion years. Such accuracy of time measurement has no practical application, but it allows testing many physical theories, from the theory of relativity to quantum mechanics. Japanese physiologists have studied the relationship between sleep duration and human lifespan. After polling 4,5 adults in Japan over the course of ten years and then following their life expectancy, scientists came to the conclusion that sleeping too long is bad for health. Those who sleep seven hours a day live the longest. Already eight hours of sleep leads to a reduction in life expectancy compared to seven hours. But here it is important not to overdo it: those who sleep XNUMX hours a day also shorten their lives. Japanese electronics firms have pledged to no longer use poisonous lead solder in products for the domestic market. It will be replaced by other low-melting alloys, such as antimony with copper. Devices with lead solder will continue to be exported. The Japanese supercomputer Model Earth, which has been operating since 2002 near Tokyo, performs 40 billion operations per second. It provides about one tenth of the entire computing power of our planet. The Japanese supercomputer has set a new speed record - more than 35 trillion operations per second. The previous record was held by the supercomputer of the American company IBM - only 7,23 trillion operations per second.
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