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AT LEISURE
To help the erudite. Database on the history, geography, biology, science, technology, sport, culture, traditions of the peoples of the world. According to the materials of the press and the Internet.
According to new data from Japanese geophysicists, the Earth's mantle, at depths from 650 to 2000 kilometers, contains five times more water in bound form than in all the oceans. According to new data, about 1100 asteroids are orbiting the Earth in close proximity. According to American astronomers, on average, every 10 seconds in the known part of the universe, two stars collide. Most often, these catastrophes happen where there are a lot of stars - in the centers of galaxies and in globular star clusters. Archaeologists estimate that as many as 100 clay tablets a year are smuggled out of war-torn Iraq for sale to antiquity lovers. In museums and scientific institutes of the world there are only 300-400 thousand such tablets with cuneiform writing. According to the World Health Organization, there are now about 150 million diabetics in the world, and by 2025 their number will double. According to the World Health Organization, France has the best healthcare system in the world. In addition to France, the top ten includes Italy, San Marino, Andorra, Malta, Singapore, Spain, Oman, Austria and Japan. The United States is ranked 37th, India is 112th, Russia is 130th, and China is 144th. According to historians, about 175 million people died in armed conflicts of the XNUMXth century, counting the victims of genocide. In the same time period, about eight million people died as a result of conflicts between individuals. According to German statisticians, the world's television viewers have spent five million person-years watching matches of the World Football Championship. According to experts, about 15 thousand large predators of the cat family - lions, tigers, panthers, leopards, jaguars live as pets in private homes in the United States. Experts estimate that by 2007 there will be 36 million portable digital players in the world to play music in MP3 format. Statisticians estimate that the world's population sends and receives 610 billion emails a year. For every inhabitant of the planet, including babies and inhabitants of the outback, who have never seen a computer, there are an average of one hundred messages a year. According to statisticians, there are now 7,3 million dollar millionaires in the world (every fortune is taken into account, except for the cost of the house in which the millionaire lives). Together, they own $27,2 trillion. Most wealthy people live in Europe - 2,6 million. This is followed by North America - 2,2 million millionaires, Asia (mainly the Pacific region) - 1,8 million, Latin America and the Middle East - 300 thousand millionaires each, and even in Africa there will be 100 thousand of them. Ecologists estimate that more than 4000 extraneous species of plants and animals are brought into alien habitats daily with ships' ballast water. True, most of them, having arrived, for example, from the coast of Brazil to the North Sea, die almost immediately. According to UN experts, in 30 years, 70 percent of the land surface will be damaged in one way or another by human activities. UNESCO estimates that there are now 875 million illiterates in the world. It is estimated that around 400 million mobile phones are currently in use worldwide, and the number is increasing by 250 every day. In 2004, there will be more of them than conventional, wired telephones. WHO estimates that 10% of all medicines sold in the world are counterfeit. According to the World Health Organization, 10 percent of all medicines sold in the world are counterfeit. Sometimes they cause damage not only to patients, but also to science. So, recently, doctors sounded the alarm: in Cambodia, a malaria pathogen resistant to the latest antimalarial drug has appeared. After the investigation, it turned out that under the guise of medicine, pharmacies sold tap water sealed in ampoules. According to the World Health Organization, 19% of cases of cancer of the digestive tract, 31% of coronary heart disease and 11% of strokes in the world are due to insufficient consumption of fruits and vegetables. According to the World Health Organization, about 10 percent of the population of Western countries have tattoos on their skin. According to German doctors, every year in Germany about twice as many people die from the side effects of medicines than from road accidents. Experts estimate that in three years there will be more Internet-connected cell phones in the world than Internet-connected computers. According to the estimates of the English historian Stuart Carroll, for a hundred years - from 1560 to 1660 - the passion of the French nobles to sort things out through a duel cost France from 30 to 50 thousand lives. The custom of dueling originated in Italy around 1470, but there they fought to the first blood. Dueling came to France in the 1520s and immediately became much more violent. According to ecologists from the University of Cambridge (England), wildlife conservation in the Gobi Desert requires spending 10 cents per year per square kilometer, and conservation in North America, Europe or Australia requires tens of thousands of dollars for the same area. According to the latest estimates by UN experts, by 2050 the world's population will be 9,1 billion people (now - 6,5 billion). According to a rough estimate, there are 234 billion stars in our galaxy. According to the forecasts of American scientists, the United States will stop importing oil by 2040, and will stop using it as a fuel by 2050. According to forecasts by British doctors, over the course of the XNUMXst century, one billion people will die from smoking-related diseases. According to the forecasts of specialists from the British oil concern British Petroleum, in 2050 two billion cars will run on the roads of the planet. Now there are 800 million of them, and 40 years ago there were only 60 million cars on Earth. Experts predict that in 2009 150 million new laptops will be sold worldwide. Experts predict that by 2005 there will be 965 robots in the world. By 2006, 67 per cent of all Europeans are predicted to be using the Internet and e-mail. According to Chinese demographers, by 2012 there will be 200 million obese people in China (more than the populations of England, Germany and France combined). This does not mean that the Chinese diet is improving, on the contrary, it means that they consume too much cheap food rich in carbohydrates, mainly rice. According to the calculations of astrophysicists from the University of Zagreb (Croatia), if there are 10 civilizations using radio and television within the radius accessible to our radio telescopes, the chances of detecting their signals are only 9%. According to the calculations of geophysicists, in 10 years the density of the atmosphere at altitudes of more than a hundred kilometers will fall due to global warming by 3%. This will extend the life of satellites flying in low orbits. According to a survey of 2230 French people, on average, each of them spends 30 telephone conversations a week and most often talks with less than a dozen relatives and acquaintances. It is curious that modern models of telephones often have a memory for several thousand telephone numbers. According to photographs from satellites, some ruins were found in the Dead Sea at a depth of 400 meters. It is believed that these are the ruins of the biblical cities of Sodom and Gomorrah. Their research will be carried out with the help of two miniature submarines currently being prepared. In terms of the number of requests for the word nanotechnology in Internet search engines, India leads, followed by Iran, and Singapore third. Russia is not even in the top ten. A 10% increase in bus fares leads to a loss of 3% of passengers - they change to their cars. At least that's what English statistics say. A one degree Celsius rise in average temperatures across the US would result in a 17 percent drop in corn and soybean yields. A 10 percent increase in the price of cigarettes in the United States results in a decrease in the number of smokers by about two percent. Under the ice of Antarctica discovered a crater with a diameter of 480 kilometers. It is believed that it was formed by the impact of an asteroid with a diameter of about 5 kilometers, which fell here about 250 million years ago. This event may be associated with the largest extinction of fauna in the history of the Earth at the border of the Permian period with the Triassic 248 million years ago, when more than half of all animal families living at that time disappeared. Under the paved streets on the outskirts of Lima, the capital of Peru, a huge cemetery of more than 2000 mummies belonging to the Inca people was found. The age of the mummies is estimated at about 500 years. Many have preserved their clothes and hair. 50-60 thousand household items, jewelry, tools were also found in the burial. Archaeologists believe that the find will almost completely rewrite the history of the Incas. The informational results of 2002 have been summed up. According to the calculations of specialists from the University of Berkeley (USA), this year mankind has generated five billion gigabytes of information. Of this volume, 90% of new information is stored on computer hard drives, 7% is contained in photographs and film materials, and 3% is on paper, CDs and DVDs. The seismic results of the last century are summed up. The richest in earthquakes was 1943: 42 earthquakes of magnitude 7 or more. The quietest - 1986, only eight such earthquakes. In total, during the twentieth century, seismic disasters killed, according to estimates, about one million people. An agreement has been signed between Brazil and Portugal to lay a fiber-optic telephone cable that will connect South America with Africa and Europe. 24 large firms from 19 countries will take part in the works. The cable will be 12 kilometers long and will be able to simultaneously transmit 120 calls. Commissioning is scheduled for June 1999. It is estimated that all German smokers emit 2590 tons of tobacco smoke into the atmosphere every year. This is approximately 0,00029 percent of all air pollution in Germany. It is estimated that bees contribute $15 billion a year to the US gross domestic product. And mostly not due to honey, wax or propolis, but due to increased pollination of crops. It is estimated that humanity annually consumes for various needs about a fifth of the plant biomass that grows annually on our planet. Fires annually destroy 50 million hectares of forests in the world (this is almost the area of France) and twice as many steppe and shrublands. It takes from 3 to 12 months for the new wind turbine to work out the energy spent on its construction. It is believed that a new branch of genetics, genomics, will make it possible to create from three to ten thousand new drugs in the coming years. Polio is 99% eradicated globally, but getting rid of the remaining one percent will be very difficult: these cases occur in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Half a billion years ago, the content of carbon dioxide in the air was 15-20 times higher than it is now. 300 million years ago it fell to the modern one, 220 million years ago it exceeded the modern one by 5 times, then it began to fall, and in the last 250 years it has been growing again. Considering that such huge fluctuations already existed long before the appearance of man, it can be assumed that the current growth is not related to his activity. Half of Americans regularly swallow multivitamin tablets with micronutrient supplements. However, a recently published study proves that a healthy person who eats normally does not need such pills. Half of all girls born late last - early this year in developed countries will live into the XNUMXnd century. Boys are worse: men have lower life expectancy even in highly developed countries. Half of all travel in China is by bike. In the cities of Denmark, Germany and Holland - 30% of trips. 15% of working Japanese commute to work by bike. A new estimate of the number of genes in humans has been obtained: not 30, as was thought until recently, but 42. By the way, corn has 40 genes. New evidence has been obtained that the ancestors of the American Indians came from Asia. Living in the stomach of many people and sometimes causing gastritis or ulcers, the bacterium Helicobacter pylori is represented by different strains on different continents. It turned out that the Indians living in isolated groups in the forests of Venezuela, lives in the stomachs of the same variant that the peoples of East Asia. Venezuelans of European descent have a European strain. Attosecond laser pulses have been obtained. An attosecond (10-18 seconds) is as much less than a second as a second is less than the age of the universe. The previous record for the shortest laser burst was 4,5 x 10-15 seconds (4,5 femtoseconds). Polish archaeologists recently found in the Sahara the tomb of the prime minister of one of the Egyptian pharaohs of the VI dynasty. The burial dates back to 2300 BC. The multicolored frescoes are well preserved.
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