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AT LEISURE
To help the erudite. Database on the history, geography, biology, science, technology, sport, culture, traditions of the peoples of the world. According to the materials of the press and the Internet.
Computer studies conducted in England have shown that 20-25 jaw movements are required for the best chewing of a piece of raw carrot. Container taxi appeared in Hamburg (Germany). One of the transport companies organized the transportation of cargo containers from the port within the city on a converted lighter. One ship trip replaces up to 50 truck trips, and since there are many canals in Hamburg, roads and streets are freed from traffic jams. The Korean company LG, in collaboration with the Dutch Philips, will begin producing the largest LCD TV this year. The screen diagonal is 107 centimeters, the thickness of the TV is a little more than 5 centimeters. The space probe Galileo observed in September 1997 a volcanic eruption on Jupiter's moon Io. The column of fire rose to a height of 120 kilometers. When the probe flew near Io in April of that year, the volcano was still dormant. The Hubble Space Telescope photographed the northern lights on Jupiter. It arises for the same reasons as on Earth: high-energy electrons flying from the Sun are carried away by the planet's magnetic field, are drawn to the poles, and there excite the rarefied gases of the upper atmosphere to glow. Coffee is a self-pollinating plant. However, experiments in Panama have shown that the presence of bees increases the coffee yield by 25 percent. The red pigment in tomatoes, lycopene, protects against sunburn. This conclusion was made by German scientists. Volunteers who ate tomato paste (40 grams daily) suffered half as much from prolonged exposure to the sun as those who did not receive such a dietary supplement. Sneakers must be individually adjusted for each athlete, adjusting the viscosity, elasticity and stiffness of the soles. This achieves the resonance of sneakers with the muscles of the legs, which increases the efficiency of running by 4%. On a marathon distance, this means a gain in time of about 4 minutes. The largest dams in the world hold as much water in their reservoirs as there is in the entire North Sea. The world's largest bicycle manufacturer, the Chinese Bicycle Company, has declared bankruptcy. The company has not made a profit for the last five years. Meanwhile, in 2005, car sales in China increased by 15% compared to 2004. The largest source of mercury vapor released into the atmosphere in England is crematoria. The smoke releases mercury from the old-fashioned amalgam dental fillings still found among older Britons. Therefore, the government ordered all crematoria to install filters on their chimneys. By 2012, mercury emissions must be halved. Large eruptions of Vesuvius occur, judging by the age of the lava layers, on average every 2000 years. In this case, we can soon expect another catastrophe that will threaten three million Italians: the last powerful eruption of Vesuvius, which destroyed Pompeii, occurred in 79 AD. Who most often commits computer crimes? According to American data, system administrators are in first place (38%), programmers are in second place (21%), and ordinary computer scientists and engineers share third place (14% each). It is better to make kitchen utensils from copper, as in the old days, - says Bill Keevil from the University of Southampton (England). Copper kills germs. Experiments have shown that E. coli survives on stainless steel for 35 days, and on copper for less than 14 hours. Ice ages come every hundred thousand years, which is associated with the peculiarities of the Earth's movement in orbit. As American climatologists have calculated, if we burn all available fossil fuels, the greenhouse effect will push back the next ice age by at least half a million years. The forests of the Amazon Basin produce about 90 tons of pure oxygen per year. Forest fires annually destroy 40 hectares of forest in Western Europe. Last summer, China overtook the United States in the number of cell phones: 120,6 versus 120,1 million. Linguists count 558 consonants and 260 vowels in the languages of the world. Until the age of six to eight months, a child can perceive all this variety of sounds, and later his brain gets used to the set of sounds of his language and stops hearing other people's sounds (for example, the Japanese simply do not hear the sound l). There are 52 sounds in English, and the record is held by the language of the natives of the Kalahari desert: 141 sounds. False alarms on fire detectors in English homes (for example, on burnt food) result in 280 wasted fire brigade visits each year. The radar beam, directed vertically upwards, allowed English entomologists to determine that insects fly up to a height of 1200 meters. Unfortunately, the radar is not yet able to determine which species of insects fly so high. The best profession for an American is a biologist. In the annual Occupation Ranking Guide, this specialty unexpectedly came out on top, displacing the financial analyst. When calculating the rating, the salary, the degree of stress at work, the degree of independence from the authorities, the demand in the labor market and the risk of losing a job are taken into account. Best of all countries provided with the Internet New Zealand: there are 819 points of access to the worldwide network per thousand inhabitants, including home, office computers and Internet cafes. Curious statistics on the use of a bicycle was published by the American magazine Populer Science. The Earth's magnetic field is about 10% weaker now than it was in 1845, when Carl Friedrich Gauss first started measuring it. On average, once every 200 thousand years, it disappears and then reappears, but in an inverted form: the south magnetic pole is where the north was. The last such case was about 780 thousand years ago. Massive promotion of handwashing before meals, before cooking and after going to the toilet, carried out by the Americans in several cities of Pakistan (and in poor neighborhoods they also distributed soap), allowed to halve the number of cases of dysentery in infants. About two million infants die every year from this disease in developing countries. Mathematicians of the University of La Plata (Argentina) have developed a mathematical model of the behavior of schoolchildren in the classroom. In this case, physical equations are used that describe the phenomenon of magnetization of materials. The model correctly reflects the processes of not only the assimilation of knowledge, but also chatter between students. The matrix of the best professional digital cameras now has 18 million photosensitive elements (18 megapixels). Matrix of the human eye (retina) - 100 megapixels. You can instantly age 40-50 years behind the wheel by turning on your cell phone. A US study showed that when a driver aged 18-25 starts talking on the phone, his reaction becomes like that of a person aged 65-74. An international group of physiologists led by P. Ivanov from Boston University showed that a person's pulse rate fluctuates much more during sleep than during wakefulness. The International Atomic Energy Commission has announced the complete elimination of the tsetse fly from the island of Zanzibar. The fly caused enormous damage to local pastoralists. The result was a campaign to exterminate the fly by mass release of sterilized (sterile) males. The method was proposed in the 20s by the Russian geneticist A. Serebrovsky: males of a harmful insect are specially bred, sterilized by irradiation and released into nature. Since there are many more of them than normal males, and they do not leave offspring, the number of insects is reduced. In the 50s, the method was independently discovered by the Americans and first used on the island of Curaçao to kill gadflies. In Zanzibar, about eight million defective males were released in four years, and the fly died out. The International Space Station is still under construction, and American experts have already calculated that in the 15 years of its future service, the death of at least one of its crew members is likely. The most likely cause of misfortune (93 percent probability) could be a micrometeorite hit. Note that there were no such cases at Mir station. The International Organization for Combating Genetically Engineered Products intends to also deal with nanotechnology. The arguments boil down to the following: this area of research should be banned because it is new, because its potential is estimated at billions of dollars, and because scientists themselves do not know exactly what will come of it. That is, the same arguments that are put forward against genetic engineering. The International Anti-Doping Agency has put forward a proposal to provide each athlete with a blood passport - the most detailed data on the composition of blood collected over several years. Then, doing a blood test from time to time (including unexpectedly), it will be possible to detect the use of doping. The International Astronomical Union has adopted a scale of asteroid danger, graduated from 0 to 10 points. Zero gets an asteroid whose orbit intersects with the Earth's orbit, but it has no chance of a collision. Ten will mark an asteroid, the fall of which could lead to a global climate catastrophe. Among the roughly 2000 asteroids over a kilometer across that cross Earth's orbit, all are null. The International Astronomical Union has adopted a scale of asteroid danger, graduated from 0 to 10 points. Zero gets an asteroid whose orbit intersects with the Earth's orbit, but it has no chance of a collision. Ten will mark an asteroid, the fall of which could lead to a global climate catastrophe. Among the roughly 2000 asteroids over a kilometer across that cross Earth's orbit, all are null. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry legalized the names of six artificial superheavy elements last September: rutherfordium, dubnium, seaborgium, bohrium, hassium and meitnerium. The names are given mainly in honor of scientists who have made major contributions to nuclear physics, and only the one hundred and fifth element is named after the entire city - Dubna, where the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research is located. The name of the element seaborgium is unique in that for the first time a chemical element is named after a living scientist - American physicist Glenn Seaborg. He is 86 years old, but continues to work at the Lawrence National Laboratory in Berkeley, California. A columnist for the American popular science magazine Discover notes in this regard that Seaborg is the only inhabitant of the Earth whose postal address can only consist of the names of chemical elements (elements are known that were previously named in honor of America, California, the city of Berkeley and the Lawrence Laboratory itself). So: Americium, Californium, Berkeley, Lawrence, Seaborgium. The place of construction of three sunken ancient Roman ships, the remains of which were found in the west of the Mediterranean Sea near the French town of Agde, was identified by pollen adhering to the resin used to tar the ships. The set of plant species clearly points to the east coast of Italy. Meteorologist Kleber Naccarato of the Brazilian Center for Space Research, studying the frequency of summer thunderstorms over the country's three major cities, found that lightning strikes cities almost three times more often than the surrounding countryside. A million coconuts and 500 breadfruit seedlings are shipped from Polynesia to Easter Island. The island is practically devoid of vegetation. The large trees with which it was once covered were used to make levers, wooden rails, drags and props to lift and move the huge stone statues. An attempt will now be made to re-green Easter Island. The German Ministry of Science allocates 170 million marks to attract German scientists who have left for the United States back to their homeland. According to estimates, about 14% of young professionals, having received a diploma from German universities, go to work in America (by the way, higher education in Germany is free and publicly available - there are no competitive entrance exams). The allocated amount is enough for only 35 people. The average scientist will receive a grant of 2,25 million marks for three years, enough to set up his own research group and purchase equipment for it. Scientists who have already gained fame are offered 4,5 million each. The global demand for vanilla in the food industry, culinary and household is 12 thousand tons annually, and the harvest of tropical vanilla vine pods from the orchid family is 20 tons. The rest is vanillin, produced either by chemical synthesis, or by mold fungi and bacteria that process various wastes in special reactors. World wine production in 2005 was 288 million hectoliters. World shipping annually emits 1,2-1,6 million tons of smoke particles into the air. South Korea holds the world record for the number of cosmetic surgeries. Here, 13% of the population undergoes such operations at least once in their lifetime. Most often, this is the replacement of the Asian incision of the eyes with the European one and tightening the skin on the face. For comparison: in the USA only 3% of the population are operated on. Mobile phones can help the traffic police to monitor the situation on the roads, reporting traffic jams. The English firm Applied Generics proposes to use the signals of phones that periodically report their location to the nearest base station to localize traffic jams. If a lot of phones have accumulated in some place on the road, it means that there are a lot of cars there. From the signals of the phones, you can understand that the cars are standing or almost not moving. Tests have shown that the accuracy of determining the location of a congestion of cars is up to 250 meters. Can a person fly into space at the age of 76? John Glenn, the first American to fly in space in 1962, announced his intention to leave politics (he is a senator) and return to becoming an astronaut in 1998. The purpose of the flight is to study the effects of weightlessness on older people. Mont Blanc has lost 15,5 meters in height: due to global warming, a thick layer of ice and snow on the top has melted.
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