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AT LEISURE
To help the erudite. Database on the history, geography, biology, science, technology, sport, culture, traditions of the peoples of the world. According to the materials of the press and the Internet.
Asteroids with a diameter of 50 meters or more collide with the Earth not every 300-500 years, as was thought until now, but only once every thousand years. This is the conclusion of a group of American and Canadian astronomers who have processed statistics on cases of large meteorites falling. Astronomers have long known that the temperature of Arcturus, the brightest star in the northern hemisphere of the sky, is gradually rising. In the late 20s it was 3900 kelvin, in the late 60s - 4100, in the 70s about 4300 kelvin. Now English astronomers have received 4600 kelvin. The temperature of a normal star shouldn't rise so fast. Either something unusual is happening on Arcturus, or our understanding of the evolution of stars is wrong. Astronomers at observatories on the Cote d'Azur (France) and Hawaii (USA) have discovered four more satellites of Saturn. The diameter of the largest of them is only 50 kilometers. Most likely, these are asteroids captured by a large planet. Thus, the total number of satellites of Saturn is 22. Astronomers at the Southern European Observatory (Chile) measured the diameter of a star located 25 light-years away. The diameter turned out to be 15 million kilometers (the Sun has 1,4 million kilometers). To measure an object from such a distance with such great accuracy is the same as if the thickness of a human hair were accurately measured from a distance of 1000 kilometers. African Lake Chad dries up. Over the past 40 years, its area has decreased by 10 times. If this continues, in 20 years it will completely disappear. Aerial photography has revealed traces of a potato cultivation system around Lake Titicaca in Bolivia and Peru that was used on an area of 100 hectares even before the Incas, 000 years ago. Potatoes were planted in high beds. When local farmers were taught this technology, yields increased from 2000 to 2-20 tons per hectare. A nuclear power plant that supplies energy to a large European city with a population of five million people covers an area of 0,2 km2. If the city is supplied with energy from a hydroelectric power station, the required catchment area will be 364,5 km2, if from the wind - a wind power plant of the required capacity will take 454 km2, from the Sun - solar panels will take 91 km2. Biologists from Yale University (USA) have discovered which substance in human sweat attracts mosquitoes with its smell. This is 4-methylphenol, the smell of which mosquitoes can smell several hundred meters away. The discovery will allow the creation of new repellents that repel an attractive smell, or traps for bloodsuckers. The biomass of agricultural animals bred by man now accounts for 20% of the biomass of all land fauna. Thanks to the use of recycled materials, German industry saves almost four billion euros every year. 60 people are employed in the collection, sorting and processing of waste. Thanks to the refurbishment of the English section of the railway, which brings trains from Paris to London through the Channel Tunnel, the journey between the two capitals has been reduced by 20 minutes to 2 hours and 15 minutes. Ladybugs are specifically bred to control aphids, but common types of ladybugs have a major drawback: once they are released onto an aphid-infested plant, they can scatter. French geneticists, having found ladybugs that are no different from their counterparts, except for the fact that they had atrophied wing muscles, crossed over 20 generations and bred a flightless breed of ladybugs. They are already being sold to gardeners: a box with 60 larvae costs 12 euros. More than 60% of humanity lives within a twenty-minute walk to the sea or ocean. More than 70 percent of food for the world's population is supplied by only 12 plant species and 5 animal species. More than 80% of land plants live in symbiosis with fungi that grow around their roots and supply them with nitrogen and phosphorus, receiving organic compounds from plants in return. More than 90% of human cases of rabies in the United States are associated with bat bites. Over 97 percent of the water on our planet is undrinkable due to salinity. More than two thirds of the rest of the water is stored in glaciers and polar caps. Less than one hundredth of a percent of all water on Earth is fresh and available for consumption. More than twenty thousand personal computers, working together over the Internet, have calculated the largest prime number to date. It has two million digits. More than twenty thousand personal computers, working together over the Internet, have calculated the largest prime number to date. It has two million digits. More than a hundred North American colleges and universities now offer students courses in the theory and practice of computer games. More than a third of Chinese preschoolers are burdened with psychological problems and behavioral disorders ranging from hypochondria and depression to hyperactivity. Experts believe that this is due to measures to limit the birth rate. Urban families in China are allowed to have only one child, and this child, as a rule, becomes a treasure and a despot in the family. Hence all the problems. More than a third of computer programs sold worldwide in 2003 were pirated copies. In Europe, this figure is 37%, and even in law-abiding Germany, 30% of software installed on computers are illegal copies. At the same time, 98% of the surveyed German computer scientists admit that writing programs is a serious job and they should cost solid money. Most of the tigers living today live in India. A few years ago, zoologists believed that there were about 3600 of them. However, a new estimate, made according to automatic cameras placed in the jungle, gives only 1300-1500 individuals. Most cats do not like sweets. American biologists have figured out why: cats, both wild and domestic, lack a gene that allows them to taste sweet. In most mammals, the sweet receptor on the tongue consists of two interconnected proteins. Cats do not produce one of these proteins. Brazil annually harvests 310 million tons of sugar cane, receiving from them 20 million tons of sugar and 12,5 billion liters of ethyl alcohol. Over three million Brazilian cars run on pure alcohol, the remaining 17 million use a mixture of gasoline with 20-24% alcohol. Brazilian dentists have discovered that propolis, the bee glue used by bees to fill gaps in the hive, blocks the action of certain enzymes in the cavities-causing microbe. This prevents germs from attaching to tooth enamel. In experimental rats, after treating the teeth with propolis, the number of lesions on the teeth decreased by 60%. The British police decided to purchase an ultra-sensitive heartbeat detector from the American firm Lockheed Martin Energy Systems. A device the size of a laptop computer can hear and detect the heartbeat of a dog or cat hidden in a car. To do this, the microphone is applied to the car body for 14 seconds. Cars arriving from the continent to England, where strict measures have been taken against the importation of sick animals, will be checked in this way. A pet must spend six months in quarantine before being allowed into England. The British company Electrotextiles produces fabric with electrically conductive fibers woven into nylon. Two adjacent conductors can close when pressed. From this fabric began to make a flexible computer keyboard. It can be washed, ironed, rolled into a tube. In the future, the company intends to produce a tie made of this fabric, which can be used as a computer mouse. Both products are designed for computers embedded in clothing. Bronchitis is an occupational disease of popcorn makers. This delicacy is made by throwing a special variety of corn kernels into heated oil, causing them to explode. The smallest particles of starch fly into the air. As American doctors have established, popcorn sellers, breathing this appetizing-smelling dust, get chronic bronchitis or even asthma. The housing boom that has occurred in America in recent years has been accompanied by an explosion in the birth rate. For the first time in 35 years, the birth rate was 2,1 children per woman of reproductive age. This is enough to maintain the population. More than 300 million people now live in the US. In 1950, there were 15 million leprosy patients in the world. Now there are about two million of them, with 70 percent living in India, Burma and Nepal. In 1950, there were 15 million leprosy patients in the world. Now there are about two million of them, with 70 percent living in India, Burma and Nepal. In 1960, there were about 100 centenarians aged 1999 and over in the United States. In 55 there were XNUMX of them. In 1965, 42% of American adults smoked, in 2001 - 28%, which is about 47 million people. In 1972, 65 percent of French doctors smoked; in 2002, only 34 percent. In 1980, a resident of Western Europe used an average of 40 kilograms of plastics per year, now - more than a hundred kilograms. In 1987, dozens of countries around the world signed an agreement that obliged them to stop the production of freons that destroy the ozone layer. If they had not done this, now the ozone hole would exist not only over Antarctica, but also over the Northern Hemisphere. However, freons accumulated in the stratosphere will completely disappear only by 2060. In 1990, the share of renewable energy sources (solar, wind, running water, wood waste and garbage) in Germany's electricity supply was 4 percent, in 2000 it was 5 percent. In 1991, 12 percent of Americans were obese, in 1995 - 15,3 percent, in 2001 - 20,9 percent. In 1996, 13 species of primates were endangered, now - 19. In 1997, the world recorded one major earthquake less than in 1996 (20 instead of 21), but last year there were significantly more victims: 2913 against 449 in 1996. In 1999, 0,03% of the information in the world was stored on paper, and in 2002 - only 0,01%. And this is despite the fact that the volume of printed documents - books, newspapers, magazines - has grown by 30% in three years. The volume of information on electronic media grew much faster. In 2000, the US government refused to prosecute tobacco companies for undermining public health on the condition that cigarette manufacturers pay the state $246 billion. Where did this money go? In 2001, 44 percent of the funds went to the treatment of victims of tobacco, 40 percent to non-medical and non-tobacco related needs, 4 percent to research, 6 percent to smoking cessation, and 5 percent.. to support the same tobacco producers. In 2000, every fifth CD with music sold in the world was pirated, in 2003 - already every third. In 2001, 274 cases of mad cow disease were registered worldwide, and in 2002 - 239 cases. True, the fact that 40 of the diseased animals were born after 1996, when the use of meat and bone meal in the diet of cows was prohibited (through which the prions that cause the disease are transmitted), is a matter of concern. In 2001, the Japanese government announced a national project: the country should receive 50 Nobel Prizes over the next 30 years. Polls conducted in schools in Japan show that teenagers more often dream of becoming scientists than sports and pop stars. From 2001 to 2005, three Japanese winners of the award, and if the process continues at the same pace, by 2050 there may be even more Japanese winners than planned. In 2002, among the 460 million people who use the Internet, slightly more than half of those whose mother tongue is English. But the situation is rapidly changing. Already this year there will be fewer English-speaking users than everyone else. By 2003 they will make up only a third of the population of the Net. And by 2007, Chinese will become the most common language among Internet users. In 2003, 580 million people worldwide use the Internet, and this number is growing by 4 percent every year. In 2003, for the first time, the share of wind power in Germany's energy supply surpassed that of hydro. In 2005, for the first time in history, the number of people over 60 years old on Earth will exceed the number of children under 4 years old. In 2005, Germany covered 10% of its energy needs from renewable sources. In 2005, overall crime in Germany fell by 3,6%, but crimes related to computer technology and the Internet rose by almost 12% compared to the previous year. In 2005, the area occupied by transgenic plants in the world amounted to 90 million hectares (this is 11% more than in 2004). In 2007, European wind energy grew by 38% (in 2006 - by 19%) and the total installed capacity of wind turbines was about 67 gigawatts. This corresponds to 20-25 nuclear power plants of medium power. In 2007, 10 years have passed since British biologists cloned an adult mammal - Dolly the sheep. Over the past time, 17 more species have been cloned in different laboratories of the world: a wolf, a mouflon, an African wild cat, a dog, a mule, a domestic cat, an Asian buffalo, a mouse, a goat, a rabbit, a horse, an Indian bull gaur, a cow, a pig, a rhesus monkey, rat and ferret.
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