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AT LEISURE
To help the erudite. Database on the history, geography, biology, science, technology, sport, culture, traditions of the peoples of the world. According to the materials of the press and the Internet.
The warriors of Alexander the Great considered sugar one of the wonders of India. In Egypt, it was known as Indian salt. In China, it was called stone honey. The Chinese made sugar from the tropical sorghum plant, while the Indians made sugar from cane. In India, sugarcane juice was even added to lime: it was believed that this gives the buildings special strength. In Europe, the sweet substance has become known since the time of the Crusades and has long been considered a medicine, it was even sold in pharmacies. Only in the 1490th century did they begin to produce sugar in Sicily and in Spain. Christopher Columbus brought sugar cane to America in 1718, and some time later it provided the entire Old World with sugar. And although in the XNUMXth century special factories appeared in Europe, sugar remained a luxury item, and in Russia it was served only at the royal table. In XNUMX, Peter I ordered the construction of the first sugar factory in Russia on the Vyborg side in St. Petersburg. Knowledge is Power Indian Salt If in Switzerland the average citizen eats 19 kilograms of chocolate per year, and in the US - 13, then the Russian - a little over 2 kilograms. True, in recent years we have been hooked on this product. After conducting market research, Nestle specialists convinced themselves and others that the demand for chocolate in our country in 2003 would grow by 40 percent. Financial Russia There won't be enough chocolate for everyone Recall that the swan is a controversial symbol of light, beauty, transformation, poetry, inspiration, as a melancholic passion. After all, Albrecht Dürer did not in vain depict his Melancholy with swan wings! It can also be a symbol of death and satisfied passion. The harp is a synonym for the swan, which is often found in iconography. ON THE. Bagrovnikov. TO THE INTERPRETATION OF THE SYMBOLIC CONTENT OF THREE WOODGRAPHS OF THE LUBEK BIBLE According to Dutch astrophysicist Dr. Piers Van der Meer, the temperature of the Sun's core, normally 27 million degrees Fahrenheit, has risen to a dangerous 49 million degrees in the past few years. In his opinion, the process of warming up our luminary over the past 11 years is very similar to the changes that occur in stars before the explosion of supernovae - for example, in the famous Supernova of 1604. Calculations made by Dr. Meer's staff show that if the temperature of the solar interior continues to rise at the same rate, the process will soon become irreversible, in which case the Sun will explode in six years. CNews.ru The reign of Selim I, Selim Yavuz, or Grozny, began with the strangulation of two of his brothers with a string. Religious and immensely fanatical in his motives, the new Sultan rushed to eradicate the heresy of Shiism. Its main enemy was its bearer, the Persian Shah Ismail. Before starting a holy war against him, Selim I decided to physically exterminate all Shiites in the Ottoman Empire. This measure was implemented in 1513. The Beylerbeys and Sanjakbeys of Anatolia were ordered to compile lists of Shiites; 40-45 thousand real and imaginary followers of Shiism were included in the lists, and all of them, aged from 7 to 70 years old, were destroyed - an act comparable in terms of Islam to the contemporary massacre on Bartholomew's Night in Christian Europe. Selim I the Terrible In the middle of the XVI century. The Ottoman Empire was divided into 21 eyalets (provinces). At the head of each eyalet was a beylerbey (governor), who had the title of pasha and concentrated in his hands all the military and administrative power in the province. Each beylerbey had its own yard, office and sofa. The eyalets were divided into sanjaks (districts), whose rulers bore the title of sanjakbey and enjoyed the same full power in the territory subordinate to them as the beylerbey in the provinces. The sanjak was the main administrative-territorial unit of the empire. During the reign of Suleiman I, there were up to 250 sanjaks. Türkiye. public administration In 1393, a second Beylerbey was created in Anatolia. Like the Rumelian, it was divided into smaller formations - sanjaks. The word sanjak itself (as well as its Arabic equivalent, liva) meant a banner, in other words, a certain military contingent from among the sipahi, which could be deployed from a given territory. Accordingly, the ruler of the sanjak - sanjakbey, or Mirliva, was also considered the commander of this military detachment. From the time of Bayezid Yildy-rym, it was the sanjaks that became the main administrative unit in the Ottoman Sultanate. Beylerbey is the residence of the sultans, built in the 1861th century (1865-XNUMX) by an Armenian architect near Versailles. When Octavian besieged the troops of Lucius Antony, brother of Mark Antony, Lucius' wife, Fulvia, was also in the fortress. The soldiers of the warring armies often fired at each other with slings. On the shells that flew from the walls, a phallus was painted and it was written: Peto Octavi culum (Looking for Octavius's ass). On the shells flying into the city, the phallus was also painted, and the inscription was often found: Peto landicam Fulviae (I am looking for a pussy (fur thing) of Fulvia). These shells were found during archaeological excavations. People's History Walt Disney created the first sound cartoon Steamboat Willie (1928), the first color cartoon Flowers and Trees (1932), the first stereo sound film Fantasia (1940), and the first widescreen cartoon Lady and the Tramp (1955). Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) is still the first and only cartoon to win the Grand Prix at the Venice Film Festival. The Little Mermaid (1989) was Walt Disney's last non-computer animated feature. When drawing the film, about a thousand colors and shades were used. Toy Story (1995) was the first feature-length cartoon ever made entirely on a computer. In the computer cartoon, the corporation of monsters technology has reached such heights that the skin of a green-purple monster consists of a million hairs. Full house No9, 10.10.2002 The largest catacombs in the world are located in Odessa. The length of the Parisian catacombs is 300 km., Roman - 800 km., Odessa - 2 km. The blue whale eats 3 tons of food a day. The oil of the hanga nut tree, which grows in the Philippines, is not much different in composition from oil. During World War II, the Japanese filled tanks with walnut oil. On average, there is one kangaroo for every inhabitant of Australia. The narrowest street in the world is in Ripatranson, Italy. Its width is 43 cm, but in some places the street narrows to 38 cm. In 1982, Time magazine named the personal computer its Person of the Year. The great chemist Mendeleev wrote three articles for the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: dumplings, compote and jam. The shy scientist signed all three notes with the Greek letter delta. In the world, an average of 50 deaths from venomous snake bites are recorded annually. Of these, approximately 000 are in India. In addition to the squad and the militia in ancient Russia, there were also mercenary troops from the Varangians, Pechenegs, Khazars, Kosogs, and others. Troops from the Varangians were infantry, others were mounted. In the Muscovite period, the entire structure of the military forces was based on the local system, which originated from the custom of distributing land to combatants for use, in the form of remuneration for service. The first information about the grant of the estate is found in the will of John Kalita. By the time of John III, not only princely and palace lands, but also state lands, began to be distributed for use. By the time of John IV, the duty of military service for landowners had become hereditary. Russia. Armed forces (historical outline) The beginning of the formation of regular troops is usually considered the formation of amusing, in 1687, with the addition of Sukharev's archers and soldiers of the 2nd elective (located on Butyrki) regiment, the regiments of Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky, with two divisions of scorers. In essence, however, these regiments still differed little from the former regiments of the foreign system. Peter himself, upon his return from a trip to Europe, at the very first teaching was convinced, as Korb says in his diary, that these crowds still lack much to be called warriors. Russia. Armed forces (historical outline) Until the XNUMXth century, the Russians did not have specially military ships and used small deckless ships (rooks, plows, etc.) to cross rivers, lakes, etc., on which they even dared to cross the Black Sea (at the time of Oleg). Under Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, the Holsteiners built the first warship, Frederik, to protect merchants from robberies on the Volga and the Caspian Sea; but, upon entering the Caspian Sea, he died off the coast of Dagestan. Under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, for the same purpose, with the help of the Dutch, the Orel ship was built, burned in Astrakhan by Stenka Razin. Russia. Russian fleet (historical essay) Maxim Grek is a famous figure in Russian education. He was born, according to assumptions, around 1480 in Arta (in Albania), in a high-ranking and educated family. As a young man, Maxim went to Italy, where he studied ancient languages, church and philosophical literature; here he became close to prominent figures of the Renaissance, made friends with the famous publisher of the classics, the Venetian typographer Aldus Manutius, and was a student of John Laskaris. Savonarola's sermons made a deep impression on him, under whose influence Maxim's steadfast moral character was finally determined. On his return from Italy, around 1507, he took the vows in the Vatopedi monastery at Athos, whose rich library served as a new source of knowledge for him. In 1515, Prot Athos received a request from Grand Duke Vasily Ivanovich to send to Moscow, for a time, the Vatopedi elder Savva, a translator. Because of the decrepitude of Savva, the brethren decided to send Maxim. He did not yet know the Russian language, but the monks considered him an indispensable intercessor before Moscow and expressed in a message to the Grand Duke the hope that Maxim, thanks to his knowledge and abilities and the Russian language, was a skillful borzo. The French writer Jacques Rive in 1979 published a novel-citation of the Young Lady from A., consisting of 750 quotations borrowed from 408 authors. Mini-Us from Austin Powers is not a clone, not a doll and not a special effect, but actor Verne Troyer, whose height is 81 centimeters. Draconian laws - this is the name given to exorbitantly harsh laws named after the Dragon, the first legislator of the Athenian Republic (VII century BC). Among the punishments determined by its laws, a prominent place was allegedly occupied by the death penalty, which punished, for example, such an offense as stealing vegetables. There was a legend that these laws were written in blood (Plutarch. Solon). In literary speech, the expression draconian laws, draconian measures, punishments became stronger in the meaning of harsh, cruel laws. Winged words Alexey, Alyosha - name of Greek origin. Means protector. A direct translation into Hebrew is possible - Magen - shield, protection (hence the well-known word Magen-David or Mogendovid - the shield of David, also one of the names of the Almighty). But the name in Israel is given very rarely, and if you are not a fan of the exotic, it is preferable to turn to consonances. - Elisha - the name of one of the most famous biblical prophets, a disciple and associate of Eliyahu (Ilya), who is described in great detail in the Book of Kings - sounds very similar to Alyosha. In a religious or traditional environment, such a name is quite accepted. The lamp is one of the two immortal horses (the second is Phaeton), on which the goddess of the dawn, Eos, rode to heaven. Mythological dictionary from A to Z The first mention of bast shoes is found in the Tale of Bygone Years (XII century). When the Prince of Kiev Vladimir the Holy, nicknamed the Red Sun by the people, defeated the Bulgarians (985), his governor Dobrynya, having examined the captives (captives) dressed in boots, said to the prince: These will not want to be our tributaries; let's go, prince, let's look for better lapotniks. At the end of the last (XIX) century, a pair of bast shoes (tipped with tow or bast) cost no more than 3-5 kopecks, and boots - the most seductive item for a man (in the words of Mamin-Sibiryak) - a few rubles. True, bast shoes wore out much faster than boots: in suffering in four days, in winter - in ten days. To go on the road - to weave five pairs of bast shoes, - they used to say. The Swedes even had a concept - a bast mile. According to the official version, the mother-creator of Barbie is the American Ruth Handler, who at the end of the 50s decided to give her daughter something like that, a toy that the world had never seen, and came up with the idea of making her happy with a likeness of herself - a small plastic doll woman. However, not all so simple. Puppet professor M. G. Lord writes: Barbie's direct predecessor was the Lilly doll, a toy for grown men who traced her origins to the post-war comic book character in the Bild Zeitung, a low-grade German newspaper... In the comics, Lilly was not just a doll, she was a German doll: dazzling white hair, regular features - the ideal of the Aryan race! OM.RU Most of you have heard of the billion. However, few people still know how much it is. Who says that this is the same as a million, someone - that it is a billion, someone - that a thousand billion. In short, confusion. And not casually. After all, it is with a billion that confusion begins. It turns out that the same name corresponds to different numbers in different countries. Let's figure it out. First, let's see, according to what law do the names of new giant numbers appear? Surely you will immediately say that after three orders or after a thousand. That is, the sequence is as follows: one million, ten million, one hundred million, and ... the new number is a billion, and then ten billion, one hundred and so on. This, of course, is true, but ... not everywhere. There is a group of countries where the formation of new numbers goes not through a thousand, but through a million, that is, through six orders of magnitude. These countries include the UK and Germany. Lyceum No 1511 at MEPhI. How many? It is assumed that the first use of chopsticks began in China in the third century BC. The Japanese adopted this custom during the Yayoi period (approximately 200 BC to 200 AD). Previously, sticks were made of bamboo, as evidenced by the character hashi, which they are denoted in Japanese. The bamboo trunk was split in two and its half was folded, as a result, the sticks resembled tweezers. The current separate form of sticks appeared in Japan during the Asuka period (593 - 710). By this time, their use had not yet become widespread. According to Chinese chronicles, at that time only the imperial court and the Japanese aristocracy used hashi, while commoners still ate with their hands. It was not until the Nara period that the common people also began to eat with chopsticks. On Friday, October 18, the people of Alaska celebrated the 135th anniversary of the annexation of this territory to the United States. On October 18, 1867, in Novo-Arkhangelsk, later renamed Sitka, an official ceremony was held to transfer the peninsula to the possession of the United States. Residents of the state annually celebrate this day, called Alaska Day, with festive ceremonies and parades. Overview.info. 135 years ago Alaska became American Pope John Paul II was elected on 16 October 1978 and became the first non-Italian pope in 455 years and the youngest in 150 years. Since then, the entire period of his papacy has been associated with various kinds of records and bold decisions that have gone down in history. John Paul II is the fifth pontiff in history in terms of tenure at the head of the church, and in five months he may become the fourth. He also made the most trips to Italy and other countries in the history of the Vatican - 240. The Pope traveled more than 200 kilometers, which, according to the Vatican's statistics office, is almost 40 times the circumference of the Earth and more than three times the distance between the Earth and the Moon. He spent 946 days, 17 hours and nine minutes outside of Rome, during which time he visited 129 countries.
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