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AT LEISURE
To help the erudite. Database on the history, geography, biology, science, technology, sport, culture, traditions of the peoples of the world. According to the materials of the press and the Internet.
The Odessa catacombs are undoubtedly large, but, apparently, they are much larger in Beijing. Here is what the Profil magazine writes about this: In 1969, it came to military clashes between the former brothers - first on the useless island of Damansky, then in the God-forgotten gorge in Kazakhstan. The chief of the Soviet General Staff publicly threatened a nuclear strike on China. Dig deep shelters - Mao called, and the Chinese took up shovels. In the event of an air raid, the entire population of Beijing (at that time about 5 million people) could go underground within three minutes. Damansky - an island on the river. Ussuri near the frontier post Nizhne-Mikhailovka, where the Soviet-Chinese armed conflict took place on March 2 and 15, 1969. The origins of the conflict are in the imperfection of the terms of the Beijing (1860) treaty, according to which the border between Russia and China, passing along the river. Amur and R. Ussuri was determined along the banks of the rivers. Neither the body of water nor the islands were officially demarcated; the de facto guarded border line has developed historically and was disputed by China in a number of areas. The island of Damansky Kitai considered his own, since it is located on its side from the fairway of the river. According to the latest published data, from March 2 to March 21, 58 people were killed on the entire border in the Sino-Soviet conflict, 94 people were injured. According to the Agreement between the USSR and the PRC on the Soviet-Chinese border of its eastern part of May 19, 1991, the border was drawn along the fairway of the river. Ussuri, Damansky Island went to China. Border conflict near Damansky Island, 1969 Wolf, Canis lupus, carnivore. mammal from the family canids (Canidae), of the same genus with a domestic dog, 1,15 m. for and 85 stm. high, gray-yellow. col. V. stayed in the Pyrenees, Ardennes, Hungary, Europe. Turkey, and especially in Norway and Russia. It feeds on mammals, birds, carrion, and, when needed, plant food. It comes out for prey at night, in winter it gathers in a camp and attacks people. The female bears 4-9 cubs. Fur goes to fur coats, leather to parchment, guts to strings. In the Pyrenees there is a black variety (C. lycaon), in the North. America - white and gray. In Europe. In Russia, about 100 people are slaughtered annually by V., the total loss from the exterminated livestock is measured in millions of rubles. Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron The genus wolves (Lupus) unites wolves, coyotes, jackals, wild and domestic dogs - the largest representatives of the wolf family. In addition, all foxes, arctic foxes, the raccoon dog and the maned wolf belong to this family. Usually a male wolf weighs about 50 kilograms, a she-wolf weighs 5 kilograms less. Their height at the withers is about 75 centimeters, and the length from the nose to the tip of the tail reaches 1,5 - 2 meters. For most nations, wolf means earth, evil, devouring passion and rage. Wolves and crows are often close friends of the primitive gods of the dead. In alchemists, the wolf together with the dog symbolizes the dual nature of Mercury, philosophical mercury and nous. Among the Aztecs, the howling wolf is the god of dance. In Celtic mythology, the wolf swallows the Heavenly Father (the sun), after which night falls. Among the Chinese, it symbolizes gluttony and greed. In Christianity, the wolf is evil, the devil, the destroyer of the flock, cruelty, cunning and heresy, as well as a man with a motionless neck, since it is believed that the wolf is not able to turn around. The wolf was the emblem of Saint Francis of Assisi, who tamed the wolf Gubbio. In the Greco-Roman tradition, the wolf is dedicated to Mars (Ares) as the personification of rage, as well as Apollo and Sylvan. The she-wolf, according to legend, raised Romulus and Remus, is often depicted in Roman art. The wolf is the riding animal of witches and warlocks, its shape takes a werewolf or werewolf. The Latin name for the constellation Wolf is Lupus. The Sumerians called it the monster of death, and the Greeks called it the beast. Arat speaks about this part of the sky: The Centaur stretches his right hand there, where the chiseled Altar is established in the heavens. Firmly clenched by this right hand, a certain Beast travels across the sky. The wolf lies south of Libra, covers an area of 333.7 square degrees in the sky and contains 108 stars visible to the naked eye. In the forest, even experienced hunters sometimes confuse the trail of a wolf with the trail of a lynx. The lynx also has a large paw print and a wide stride. However, the lynx sinks much less into the snow, almost never extends its claws on an even run, and its paw print is always very round. The term vegetarianism was coined and immediately put into circulation by the founders of the British Vegetarian Society in 1842. Its basis is the Latin word vegetus, which means strong, healthy, fresh, vigorous. The phrase homo vegetus indicates a spiritually and physically developed person. Mednovosti.ru: World Vegetarian Day An hour, a non-systemic unit of time, is equal to 60 minutes or 3600 seconds. Designations: rus. h, intl. h. 1 day = 24 hours Great Soviet Encyclopedia Hours, in ancient times, sundials (see), sand and water clocks were used. The invention of wheeled clocks dates back to the 1500th century. the name of the inventor is unknown. Spring clocks were invented by Peter Gele in Nuremberg around 1720. The transformation of clocks into an accurate device for measuring time based on the conclusions of mathematical science belongs to Huygens, who applied a pendulum to clocks and invented the spiral and the escapement. Graham (1767) invented the anchor and cylinder escapements, Leroy (XNUMX) - chronometric. descent. Modern Ch. consist of a system of gears driven by a weight or spring and regulated by a pendulum or a spiral with the help of a system of descents. Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron Clock, church service; from ancient times were established 8 daily. Services: Vespers, Compline, Midnight Office, Matins, 1,3, 6 and 9 hours. Subsequently, these services began to be performed at 3 times of the day: in the morning (midnight office, matins and the first hour), before noon (the service of 3 and 6 hours and divine liturgy) and in the evening (the service of 9 hours, vespers and compline). Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron Hourglass, a device consisting of 2 flasks connected by a narrow tube; sand is poured from one bottle into another in a definite measured period of time. Convenient for determining the time of cooking eggs, etc. Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron The Angarsk Clock Museum was opened in 1968 and became the first clock museum in our country. The basis for its creation was the private collection of Angarsk citizen Pavel Vasilievich Kurdyukov (1908 - 1985), which was formed over more than 50 years. Throughout the 17th century, due to a number of reasons, the primacy in European watchmaking passed from one country to another. The events of the 30-year war undermined the former power of German watchmaking. At the beginning of the century, French watchmakers had no equal. But after the repeal of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, many Protestant watchmakers left France and emigrated to England and Switzerland. By 1700, the championship in world watch production passed to these countries. In 1601, a corporation of watchmakers was founded in Geneva, the organization of labor and the training of students were streamlined, and control over the quality of products was established. Carriage clocks evolved from rectangular portable clocks. Usually the case for them was made with glass sides, and a carrying handle was attached on top. The first carriage clock, made in 1796 by Abraham Louis Breguet, was delivered to Napoleon before his Egyptian campaign. Napoleon recognized their value by ordering his generals to purchase carriage clocks. By the 1850s, carriage clocks were being made in standard sizes. They reached the peak of their popularity in 1880-1900. Then the demand for them began to fall, as pocket watches began to be made in large quantities. Grandfather clocks appeared in England around 1650. In the XNUMXth century, grandfather clocks were an indispensable part of the interior. Cuckoo-clock. This unusual clock shape is an invention of the Black Forest masters of the XNUMXth century. Such watches have become a kind of symbol of watchmaking in Germany. The first Black Forest cuckoo clock appeared presumably in the middle of the XNUMXth century. Do you know how the cuckoo calls in the clock? Above the two closed whistles are small blowers. The wheel of the percussion mechanism, in connection with the wire, sets in motion both blowers, fills them with air. Quickly one after another, the blowers, under the weight of their own weight, lower again, the air comes out after two whistles, a cuckoo is heard. Japan's largest watch company Seiko is located in Tokyo. The company's first watch factory was founded in 1875, and in 1895 the company began selling its first watch with a cylinder movement. In 1856, there were only 35 small watch workshops in Moscow: 5 workshops did not even have workers, in the rest their number averaged 8-12 and did not exceed 30. 178 people worked in all workshops. According to the approximate calculation of the Trust of Fine Mechanics, in 1913-1914. in Russia, 1 clocks were produced annually. Reinin's factory produced 500 pieces of clocks per day, three factories of the Dmitriev brothers - 000 pieces, Rodionov's factory - 800 pieces, in the village of Sharapovo 2400 pieces, in Volokolamsk district - 600 pieces per day. In Russia in 1837, for the first time in the history of watchmaking, wooden pocket watches were made. A miniature clock from such an unusual material was made for the first exhibition of rural works in Vyatka by Semyon Ivanovich Bronnikov. This watch was purchased from the exhibition by the heir to the throne, the future Tsar Alexander II. KIRZA olon. the top layer of the earth, the soil. Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language by Vladimir Dahl Kirza, 1) a dense, durable multi-layered cotton fabric made from fine twisted yarn. K., treated with film-forming substances, is used as a substitute for leather; It is also used for the manufacture of rubberized drive belts. 2) In printing - technical cloth used for covering the printing drums of lithographic machines. Great Soviet Encyclopedia KIRZA - (German Kirsei from English kersey) - a dense multi-layered cotton fabric with increased strength, made from fine twisted yarn. Kirza treated with film-forming substances is used as a leather substitute; used in shoe and some other industries. Kirza - a village in the Ordynsky district of the Novosibirsk region. kirza - barley or millet porridge. In the 30s, against the backdrop of the rapid development of all sectors of the national economy, the leather and footwear industry clearly stalled, as it desperately lacked natural raw materials. It was necessary to urgently do something in order to put shoes on the barefoot two-thirds of the country. And the solution was found. In the pre-revolutionary center of leather and footwear crafts - Vyatka (later Kirov), they began to build an artificial leather plant, where in 1936-1937, based on the invention of the chemist Lebedev, engineers Plotnikov and Khomutov set up the production of tarpaulin - a fabric-based material with a rubber coating. The material gained unheard of popularity, and shoes made from it in a short time acquired national status, because they were comfortable, practical and - most importantly - affordable for the completely impoverished people. Only a quilted jacket enjoyed such demand and popular love in Russia. During the war years, the Kirov artificial leather plant produced 4,6 million square meters. m of tarpaulin, from which nine million pairs of boots were sewn. Today, tarpaulin has new names: artificial leather for special shoes or material for shoe tops. A little long and somewhat clumsy - but modern, experts say. Yuft, yukhta, Russian leather, is made from barren or cow raw materials and the skins of one-year-old bulls; skins subjected to before alumation, then tanning, after which they are impregnated with blubber and strong vodka, and finally, they are painted; Yu is red and black. White, that is, unpainted Yu., is smooth, polished, laminar (with a measured, shagreen face), rifled (with parallel. Crossing stripes); goes to shoes, harness, suitcases, belts. Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron By 2005, according to American researchers, the number of people susceptible to allergic diseases will increase to 40 percent. The main causative agent of an allergic reaction in sensitive people will be waste products ... cockroaches. By the way, let's say: today there are about five hundred species of them, they are capable of literally poisoning a person's life. A thousand adult cockroaches eat about 10 kg of food per year. Rats are very prolific. The female has seven pregnancies a year. And she brings 12 cubs at once. So one population can be up to 50 animals. In 1878, Hiram Maxim (inventor of the famous machine gun), installing electric lights near the chic Grand Union Hotel, discovered that crowds of mustachioed male mosquitoes fussed around the humming transformer. The beardless females reacted only to light and paid no attention to the transformer. Having done several experiments with tuning forks, Maxim made a zoological discovery? Mosquito whiskers are ears! Then the entomologists laughed at the amateur Khairam Maxim. In addition, it was recently revealed that their mustaches are also noses. However, mosquitoes' hearing is far from perfect. They hear the female no more than 25 centimeters away. The mosquito tongue is on the legs. According to some reports, mosquitoes can smell the smell of lactic acid (a component of sweat) with their whiskers at a distance of up to three kilometers. Only females (mosquitoes) drink blood. However, before the wedding, they are not averse to drinking water or plant juice. Males feed on this throughout their lives. Many are afraid of huge mosquitoes with long legs. Like, they can sting like that ... This is not true. Long-legged? vegetarians. Long legs for protection. A predator (ant, beetle) almost always grabs the leg, and it is discarded like a lizard's tail. The long-legged one carries away the rest of the legs. The mosquito sting is cut off at the end like a medical syringe and is in a lip case. The pressure of the sting on the skin sometimes exceeds the pressure of the car on the rails! But the rails are hard, and the skin is elastic. Serrated jaws help. They fidget like a saw and cut the skin. In Evenkia, in five minutes, 400 mosquitoes sit on a person’s forearm, and 8500 expectant mothers immediately dig into a deer. In the tundra, a significant part of the cycle of substances in nature occurs due to mosquitoes. From every 100 hectares of swamp, 32 kg of carbon flies away annually, = 16 kg of nitrogen, 9 kg of phosphorus, 6 calcium. Those. food for plants and birds flies to land. Mosquitoes of 29 species live in Moscow. Most of all, it is not purebred mosquitoes that bite, but mutts, a cross between three species. One hundred grams of camphor, evaporated over a burner, will clear a room of 300 cubic meters from mosquitoes.
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