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WONDERS OF NATURE
Iguazu. Nature miracle
Iguazu National Park (in the language of the Guarani Indians - Great Water) covers an area of 540 square meters. km (55 thousand hectares in Argentina and 180 thousand hectares in Brazil). It is located at an altitude of 100 to 700 m along the south bank of the Iguazu River, the left tributary of the Parana River. The last 120 km of the Iguazu River serve as the border between these countries. At the point of the Iguazu Falls, the borders of Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay converge, the countries are connected to each other by two bridges. Friendship Bridge connects Brazil and Paraguay, Tancredo Neves Bridge - Brazil and Argentina.
National parks in the two states were created at different times. A park in Argentina, in the province of Misiones, was created in 1909, and in Brazil, in the state of Parana, only in 1939. Another thing is noteworthy: the three most famous waterfalls in the world form the border between the two countries. So, at the Victoria Falls there is a border between Northern and Southern Rhodesia. Visitors go to see Niagara Falls both from the Canadian coast and from the United States. Iguazu also passes the border established by the bilateral treaty of 1903 between Brazil and Argentina and the additional protocol of 1904. The border was finally established only in 1928. The vegetation of the subtropical forest and various animals (jaguar, ocelot, tapir, capybara, etc.) are protected. The main attraction of the national park is the natural wonder of Latin America - Iguazu Falls, one of the most spectacular in the world. It is located at a distance of 26 km from the confluence of the Iguazu River into the Parana River. The Parana River, or Mother of the Sea, is 4880 km long and originates in Brazil. It flows to the southwest and near the city of Guaira forms a section of the natural water border between Brazil and Paraguay (distance 180 km). Here it merges with the Iguazu River. Further south, the Parana flows along the border between Paraguay and Argentina, and in Argentina flows into La Plata Bay. Iguazu Falls is one of the least accessible in the world, so for a long time Europeans did not know about its existence. This waterfall was discovered by Don Alvar Nuñens Cabeza de Baca in 1541, when he went from Santa Catarina, located on the Atlantic coast, deep into the mainland, to the kingdom of the Incas. On the way, he heard the sound of high water in the thicket of forests and went to this sound. His name is carved on a stone slab near the narrow bridge over Arrayagaray Falls. The Spanish traveler had no idea that in the Guarani language "i" means "water", and "guazu" means "big". And he christened the miracle he discovered in South America Salto de Santa Marja. Much later, only in the XNUMXth century, Jesuit missionaries saw the great waters. The Falls of St. Mary did not seem to make much of an impression on them, as they went on. Only in 1892 was the first more or less detailed map of the surroundings of the waterfall compiled, and the world began to get acquainted with this miracle of nature. Iguazu Falls is shaped like a horseshoe (Horseshoe of Argentina), and to some, the Iguazu Falls resemble a spit facing west, because the water of the rivers approaches the rocky horseshoe-shaped barrier and falls from it in streams and jets. They are separated by rocky islands covered with lush tropical vegetation. The water cascades into the gorge from two steep basalt steps up to 275 km wide (the Iguazu River forms such a full-flowing stream directly in front of the waterfall). Some of the streams fall down to a depth of 4 m, the total width of the waterfall cascades is 82 m. The smallest drops form water dust in the air and sparkle in the sun with all the colors of the rainbow. How water falls from a steep cliff is heard for many kilometers throughout the district. I. Ganzelka and M. Zikmund write: "The Iguazu Falls, despite their size and power, give the impression of being fragile. They are capricious, like rococo awnings. There is no place on earth from where one could see them all at once. They play hide-and-seek like schoolchildren. Hiding behind a rock and suddenly jumping out of another place. Tapering to a thin thread; you could bet that tomorrow the last drops will dry up here and it will be dry. And immediately they run in a wide stream, like children for a walk. They jump, like scoundrels, from step to step, stop, look around, turn around, splash into the sun, and only then, with a serious gesture, plunge into the pool. During the rainy season (November-March), the water flow of the Iguazu River reaches 12,7 thousand cubic meters. m per second, or four billion hectoliters per year. For comparison: 46 billion hectoliters are carried through Prague by the Vltava River during the year. Therefore, the annual ration of the Vltava would have been exhausted in Iguazu within four days. The upper course of the Iguazu resembles a wide lake. The end is not in sight. Only far on the horizon in the wide waters is the border of the forest visible. I. Hanzelka and M. Zikmund write: “Liquid silver boils, and a sparkling avalanche falls into a huge horseshoe into the abyss. There, in the depths, over which you can only bend over if you are held by the hand, this liquid silver changes shape, boils , runs around foaming funnels at a frantic pace, returns its brilliance to waterfalls in a whirlwind of spray, and after a few tens of meters calmly rushes into the distance.Garganta del diablo (Devil's Throat). wishing to fly from sunny heights into a dark abyss! The same name man gave to the mightiest of the Victoria Falls in Africa. And yet! The devil cannot incarnate in such a delicate neck, adorned with shining pearls. He cannot incarnate in a silk veil of cooling water dust , which rises from the depths on the wings of a light breeze and turns into billions of sparkling sparkles.The devil does not have enough strength to subdue the space nature, sun and water and weave a spectral bridge out of them, on which birds like living diamonds rush. No, the devil has never been in a foaming, glowing vase of Iguazu. Only a person who failed to see the fragile, flickering miracle of the Great Waters did not understand the final fortissimo of the first part of the Iguas symphony and remembered the devil in order to drown out his fear. Brazil Park is located on the north bank of the Iguazu River. Two elevated mountain ranges stand out here: one includes the border Iguazu Falls. The loop of the waterfall, located on the Brazilian side, is known as the Devil's Mouth, or Devil's Throat, above which a column of white mist always rises. According to legend, the river god created the Iguazu Falls in a fit of rage. And he himself lives in the most dangerous point of the waterfall - in the Devil's Throat. Those who wish can see this place closer if they take a boat trip or a helicopter tour. Although most of the Iguazu Falls belong to Argentina, nature has given Brazil the lion's share of their beauty. Therefore, a complete picture of the scale of the waterfall can only be obtained in Brazil. The right bank of the Iguazu on the Brazilian side is much higher than the left. It is covered with a dense forest, in which several paths have been successfully cut and trees uprooted. A wonderful panorama of water cascades opens from here. And the paths laid in the walls of the steep coast allow you to watch Iguazu from the upper edge of the canyon to the very bottom of the waterfalls. I. Ganzelka and M. Zikmund note: “On the Brazilian side, you feel like on a mobile crane of a huge film studio, which moves with you in space, depending on which button you press. waterfalls from their crest to the place where the raging element merges with the lower current of the river and flows calmly, like a flock of sheep. Iguazu National Park has the richest fauna and flora in South America. The vegetation of the Iguazu Park is characterized by a subtropical and tropical forest with 200 species of trees entwined with lianas. The Great Waters are located two degrees of latitude from the southern tropics, and yet their surroundings have a tropical appearance. The sweetish aroma of mimosa fills everything around. Orchids of fantastic colors and shapes bloom on the banks, hummingbirds fly from flower to flower. Palm trees wave their "fans" in the wind. Bamboo groves are especially picturesque against the background of the forest. There are also broad-leaved tree species, araucaria. Begonias, mosses, ferns are widespread. All this variety of plants is perfectly combined with the carmine-colored soil, the azure sky and the ridges of snow-white clouds. The fauna of national parks is no less diverse. On their territory there are jaguars, the average weight of which reaches 120 kg. It is very similar to the panther, but has a larger head and shorter legs. In the jungle, which is flooded for several months of the year, the jaguar constantly lives in the trees. He easily climbs trees, swims well in the water, where he catches caimans, turtles, fish. But it can also hunt such large animals as capybara and tapir. Puma lives in the forests of the Iguazu Park. It weighs only 30 kg, while the length of its body reaches 2 m, and the tail is 80 cm. It is so dexterous that it can jump 6 m in height and 14 in length. Puma feeds on small mammals, tapirs, birds. Here, along the banks of swampy rivers, you can see a real giant - a capybara capybara, as tall as a one-year-old pig. This giant rodent is a fat animal with an elongated body covered with coarse, shaggy brown hair. Its front legs are longer than its hind legs, it has a massive rump without a tail, and therefore it seems as if it is always going to sit down. It has large paws with wide webbed toes. On the ground, the capybara moves with a shuffling gait or waddle at a gallop, easily and quickly swims in the water. In the mountains or in the swampy area, the ocelot lives, a mammal from the cat family. Height at the withers up to 60 cm, body length with tail about 1,5 m, weight 16 kg. This animal is mainly nocturnal. Sometimes you can see huge holes in the walls of termite mounds, hard as stone, - this is the work of a giant armadillo, whose shell consists of horny shields (these are the only mammals with a skin skeleton). Having punched a hole, the animal sticks its narrow muzzle into it and studies the mound with its long tongue. The armadillo eats stuck insects. But he hunts at night, and usually does not leave his shelter during the day. On the territory of the park you can see another very interesting animal - the anteater. He has no teeth, the anteater picks up food with the help of a long tongue and sticky saliva. When he lies on his side, curled up and hiding behind his tail, he could easily be mistaken from a distance for a heap of grayish grass. The tail of the anteater serves as an umbrella, thanks to which the animal is not afraid of any weather. Coyote, tapir, sloth also live in the park. Found in Iguazu giant and Laplatsky otter, alpaca. There are many different monkeys, including the howler monkey, snakes, reptiles, including caimans (broad-faced and dwarf), etc. There are many birds in the park, among which there are a harpy, a blue macaw parrot, carrion kites, herons, chickens, ducks, herons, etc. The ichthyofauna is diverse. The national park is of interest from another point of view - technical. Here, on October 13, 1982, for the first time in the world, on such a mighty river as the Parana, a unique hydraulic operation was carried out: within seven minutes, 12 huge gates were lowered to the bottom of the river, closing with the help of hydraulics. Then, within two weeks, the water of the river rose, stopped by a concrete wall, to the level of 100 m, and then discharged through a designated channel in the amount of 60 cubic meters. m/h A giant concrete dam was installed 000 km north of the city of Foz do Iguacu. Its length is almost 20 km, height - 8 m, width - 196 m. To build this grandiose structure, it was necessary to divert the river through a canal 400 km long and 2 m wide, for which it was punched in the rocks. A year after the river was diverted, the construction of the dam began. The generators of the power plant's power unit are the most powerful in the world, each of them produces 150 kilowatts. The dam formed an artificial lake with an area of 1340 sq. km. Before the flooding of this area, about 300 valuable archaeological sites were removed from here. Already after the flooding in the area of the reservoir, many species of animals that previously lived in these places were readapted. 20 million trees were planted along the banks of the artificial lake. A trip to the Itaipu Dam and Iguazu Falls is better to start from the city of Foz do Iguacu. There is an airport with flights to Rio de Janeiro, Asuncion and Sao Paulo. There are buses from Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The distance from Foz do Iguacu to Rio de Janeiro is 1500 km, to Sao Paulo - 1030 km. Those who are not in a hurry can take the steamboat. A large river steamer will take tourists from Darsena Sud, the southern harbor of Buenos Aires, all the way to Corrientes. There, tourists transfer to a smaller steamer, in Posadas they change it to a motor boat that will make its way through the streams of the upper Parana to the very mouth of the Iguazu River. All this will take six days. Author: Yudina N.A.
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